HomeMy WebLinkAbout08262024 City Council Work Session PacketWell and Septic Work Session Table of Contents
1.0 Information Summary 2
2.0 City Codes Pertaining to Water, Wells and Septic
2.1 City of Seward Septic Code 4
2.2 Soldotna Well Code 5
2.3 Soldotna Septic Code 6
2.4 Municipality of Anchorage Well Code 7
2.5 Municipality of Anchorage Septic Code 23
2.6 Alaska DEC Minimum Separation Requirements 26
3.0 Department Input
3.1 Fire Department Related Concerns and Code 28
3.2 Attorney Input 35
3.3 Community Development Input 39
4.0 Maps of Properties without Utilities
4.1 Maps of Properties without Utilities 40
5.0 Forest Acres and Plat Note Information
5.1 Forest Acres Assessment District Map 46
5.2 Forest Acres Utility Cost Breakdown 47
5.3 Forest Acres Plat Restricted Lots Map 48
5.4 Plat Note Removal Process 49
5.5 Plat Note Removal Application 50
6.0 Appendix Full Documents
6.1 Rezone of Proposed Long Term Care Facility Site 52
6.2 Alaska Best Practices for Construction of Non-Public Water Wells 72
6.3 Feasibility Study: Forest Acres Subdivision Water & Sewer Special Improvements District 99
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1.0 Work Session Information Summary
Code Summary (2.1-2.5)
Within current Seward city code, building permits cannot be issued without full utilities (roads,
electricity, water, and sewer) to a parcel. Wells are currently not permitted and therefore
Seward currently does not have any specific code around wells. Septic systems are currently
permitted in city limits under certain conditions.
Other municipalities allow wells and septic systems under certain conditions, including
Anchorage and Soldotna, whose code is included in this packet. Anchorage has a
comprehensive well code and permitting process for wells.
Along with the Seward septic system code, Anchorage and Soldotna point to and rely on the
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) for their regulations. Anchorage has
additional requirements, as well.
Alaska DEC Minimum Separation Distance Requirements for Wells (2.6)
An excerpt from the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation explaining the
minimum distance required between drinking water sources and potential sources of
contamination like septic systems.
Fire Department Summary (3.1)
The Fire Insurance/ISO Rating information is summarized. The Fire Suppression Rating Schedule
factors are described in detail. Allowing housing development in areas where we don’t have fire
hydrants could negatively impact the rest of the community’s insurance rates. The applicable
portions of International Fire Code (IFC) are listed, including the allowance of in-home
automatic sprinkler systems if hydrants are not present. Currently in the City of Seward,
hydrants are spaced every 500’. In Soldotna, because of 2012 IFC, they are still required to
have hydrants every 400-600’ depending on the development, even those areas on wells and
septic systems.
The Fire department enclosed information about how fast fires move/grow and their estimated
response time to those situations for perspective. They do have mutual aid agreements with
both Lowell Point and Bear Creek Fire Departments in which their tanker trucks could be
accessed. They do not recommend purchasing a tanker truck as they are expensive and don’t
have a place to store it (indoors).
Attorney Summary (3.2)
The city would not have liability if there were not fire hydrants in the area. That being said, the
city does require there to be in home sprinkler systems if hydrants aren’t available. If the city
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chooses to allow wells there are a number of issues and questions the code would need to
specifically address and answer.
Community Development Summary (3.3)
If the council chooses to allow wells, there will need to be code implemented that considers
both lot size and distance, as the placement of a well in conjunction with a septic system could
heavily impact the development of a neighboring property.
Maps Properties without Utilities Summary (4.0)
There are a series of maps outlining the areas in Seward without utilities. Some of these
properties are developable and some are not due to geography.
For Forest Acres Information (5.1-5.2)
The map shows the lots that were in the improvement district in recent years along with a cost
breakdown by lot size for water, sewer, electricity, and roads. If the plat restriction were
removed (see below) and wells were allowed, the property owners would still need to do an
assessment district for electricity and improved roads. Estimated cost to install a well and septic
are around $25,000 total.
Plat Restricted Lots (5.3-5.5)
These documents show the properties in Forest Acres that have a plat restriction of no septic
systems and the process for getting that restriction removed if the property owners chose to do
so.
Appendix Documents (6.1-6.3)
Historical Rezone of Forest Acres Area
Alaska Best Management Practices for Construction of Non-Public Water Wells
Feasibility Study: Forest Acres Subdivision Water & Sewer Special Improvements District
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2.0 City Codes Pertaining to Water, Wells and Septic
2.1 City of Seward Current Septic Code
14.20.025 Construction of on-site system.
It shall be unlawful to construct or maintain any on-site sewage disposal system within the city
of Seward unless the following conditions are met:
1. No public sewer is available within 200 feet of any property line or boundary upon
which the structure to be serviced is located;
2. The proposed system meets at least the following minimum design criteria:
a. A minimum lot size of one acre, or meets the minimum separation required
between a private well as provided in subsection c., following;
b. A minimum allowable percolation rate of 60 minutes/inch (MPI). Systems with
less percolation than 60 MPI must be designed by an engineer registered in the
State of Alaska;
c. A minimum of 100 feet separation of any treatment or disposal system from a
private well. Private sewer lines must be a minimum of 25 feet from a private
well;
d. A minimum septic tank size of 1,000 gallons for a three bedroom home and 250
gallons for each additional bedroom;
e. Leach field capacity shall conform to the Manual of Septic Tank Practices, U.S.
Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
3. Review and approval of the system by the city engineer;
4. System meets all requirements of the Alaska Department of Environmental
Conservation as being adequate to protect the ground water and general public
welfare;
5. The owner agrees to comply with section 14.20.010;
6. All construction methods and details for on-site sewage disposal systems shall follow
standard accepted practice.
(Ord. 504, 1982; Ord. 610, 1988)
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2.2 Soldotna Water Well Code
13.08.030 - Private water system—Permit required—Fee.
A. No person, firm or corporation shall construct any private water system which will be served
directly or indirectly by the city water distribution system without obtaining a written permit
from the city under and outlining conditions prescribed by the city. The fee for such permit shall
be as prescribed by the city council.
B. Private wells not tied into the city distribution system will be subject to all state and borough
regulations. Inspection by the city will not be required; however, for future reference, as-built
data shall be made a part of the building permit documents.
C. There shall be no individual wells connected, directly or indirectly, to any line of the city
water system.
(Ord. 276 § 1, 1982; Ord. 266 § 1 (part), 1982)
13.16.150 - Use of public water system—Duty of every owner of real property.
A. It shall be the duty of every owner of real property on which building water lines, wells or
other water facilities are present, or will become present as part of new construction, to
connect such property with the nearest public water in the city; provided, that such property
abuts a public street, alley, water easement, right-of-way, or other utility corridor in which
there is a water main, easement, if the public water system is within 300 feet of the property.
B. During initial construction of a property, and if a determination is made that public water
mains are available within 300 feet and the city has taken over the operation, the owner will
have 30 days to apply for a permit from the city as described in Section 13.12.030. After the
permit is issued, the owner will have 90 days to hook up to the city system. If the owner is
unable to comply with this requirement, a special request must be made to the city.
C. There is no requirement to abandon any existing wells within any given time frame.
However, no new or replacement wells will be allowed when public water mains are within 300
feet of the subject property. All new or replacement wells shall be subject to the same
conditions as Section 13.16.150(B) above.
(Ord. 652 § 2, 1997) (Ord. No. 2011-14, § 3, 5-11-2011)
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2.3 Soldotna Septic Code
13.14.010 - Definitions.
A. The city's sanitary sewage system means the sanitary sewer system, the sewage treatment
plant, all sewers, pipes, manholes, lift stations, holding tanks, and entry ways of any kind
through which material may flow or be discharged into the sewage treatment plant.
B. Discharge means to dump, deposit, drop, release, insert, or otherwise allow any of the
prohibited materials to enter into the sanitary sewage system.
C. Septic material means the contents of any septic tank disposal system containing the
drainage from sinks and toilets and liquid-carried excrement, urine, and other related waste
material from a dwelling, building, commercial or industrial establishment, including the
contents of any pit, lagoon, or cesspool containing these waste materials.
(Ord. 320 § 1 (part), 1983)
13.14.020 - Disposal and discharge of septic material.
It is unlawful for a person, firm or corporation to dispose of septic material from a septic tank,
holding tank, privy, or septic tank pumping vehicle, except at a site or facility for which a waste
permit has been issued by the Department of Environmental Conservation of the State of
Alaska for that disposal.
(Ord. 320 § 1 (part), 1983)
13.12.040 - Use of public sewer—Duty of every owner of real property.
A. It shall be the duty of every owner of real property on which a structure exists that is
occupied by people on which building sewer lines, sewage drain fields, septic tanks, cesspools,
cribs, privies or other sewage facilities are present, or will become present as part of new
construction, to connect such property with the nearest public sewer in the city, provided that
such property abuts a public street, alley, sewer easement, right-of-way, or other utility access
corridor in which there is a public sewer main, if such public sewer system is within three
hundred feet of the property from which the sewage is generated.
B. Once it has been determined that a public sewer has been made available and the city has
taken over the operation, the owner will have thirty days to apply for a permit from the city as
described in Section 13.12.030. After the permit is issued, the owner will have ninety days to
hook up to the city system, and also to dispose of all septic tanks, privies or cesspools. If the
owner is unable to comply with this requirement, a special request must be made to the city
public works department for a time extension.
(Ord. 652 § 1, 1997; Ord. 320 § 2, 1983; Ord. 265 § 1 (part), 1982)
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2.4 Anchorage Water Well Code
Chapter 15.55 - WATER WELLS
15.55.010 - Purpose.
The purpose of this chapter is to ensure sources utilized for potable water within the
Municipality of Anchorage are constructed and maintained in such a manner as to provide a
safe supply of water for domestic use.
(AO No. 96-98(S), § 1, 8-13-96; AO No. 2005-130, § 1, 1-1-06)
15.55.020 - Scope.
This chapter applies to all sources of potable water used by single-family residences within the
municipality that are not licensed and/or regulated by the State of Alaska.
(AO No. 96-98(S), § 2, 8-13-96; AO No. 2005-130, § 1, 1-1-06)
15.55.030 - Definitions.
The following words, terms and phrases, when used in this chapter, shall have the meanings
ascribed to them in this section, except where the context clearly indicates a different meaning:
Abandoned well means a well whose use has been permanently discontinued and has not been
properly decommissioned.
Animal containment area means any outdoor enclosure or group of enclosures containing one
or more horse, mule, cow, lama, or similar sized animal; four or more dogs, sheep, goats, or
swine, or similar sized animals; ten or more rabbits, fowl, ferrets, or other domesticated small
animals.
Approved tank manufacturer means a firm manufacturing tanks approved by the development
services department and holding a valid water and wastewater equipment manufacturer
certificate issued by the same department.
Aquifer means a formation, group of formations or part of a formation that contains sufficient
saturated permeable material to yield water to wells and springs.
Aquifer—Unconfined means a zone of water saturation where atmospheric pressure is freely
communicated to the zone. Its upper limit is at atmospheric pressure and it has no upper
confining layer.
Aquifer—Confined means a formation in which the groundwater is isolated from the
atmosphere, at the point of discharge, by impermeable geologic formations. Confined
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groundwater is generally subject to pressure greater than atmospheric and rises to a level
above the upper limit of its aquifer.
Artesian well means a well in which the water from the confined source aquifer rises above the
upper limit of the aquifer.
Bentonite means a montmorillinate aluminum silicate clay. Bentonite comes in the form of
powder, granules, or chips.
Bentonite chips means ¼-inch to ¾-inch sized chips of bentonite approved by the NSF for the
purpose of water well construction.
Bentonite granules means an eight to 20 mesh size bentonite clay approved by the NSF for the
purpose of water well construction.
Bentonite slurry means a high solids mixture of bentonite particles and water with a
consistency of 18 percent to 22 percent solids as measured with a marsh funnel.
Casing means the pipe made of material herein specified or otherwise approved by the
development services department, installed in a well bore hole to prevent sidewall caving, to
provide access to an aquifer, and provide protection from up-hole or surface contamination of
the aquifer.
Certificate of on-site systems approval means a written confirmation signed by an engineer and
the development services department certifying the on-site wastewater disposal system and/or
well serving a single-family dwelling are functional and comply with all state and local
regulations and codes. In the event of inconsistency among these regulations and codes, the
most restrictive shall apply.
Certified groundwater professional means a groundwater professional certified by a nationally
recognized organization.
Certified laboratory means a laboratory certified by the State of Alaska, 18 AAC 80.1100.
Certified pump installer means a person or firm holding a valid state contractor's license,
business license, and a current pump installer's certificate issued by the development services
department.
Certified well driller means a person or firm holding a valid state contractors license, business
license, and a current well driller's certificate issued by the development services department.
Contaminant means any substance which, if introduced into a potable water source, would
render the water unsafe for human or animal consumption.
Disinfection means a chemical or physical process utilized to eliminate pathogenic organisms
from a potable water source or storage facility.
Domestic use means water used for residential and noncommercial use.
Drawdown means the distance between the static water level and the pumping water level in a
well or an aquifer.
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Drive shoe means a forged or tempered steel collar with a cutting edge, attached to the lower
end of a casing string by threading or welding, to protect the bottom end of the casing as it is
driven or otherwise forced into the bored hole.
Engineer means a professional civil engineer registered pursuant to Alaska Statute 8.08.
Flowing artesian well means a water well in which the water from the confined source aquifer
flows naturally to the ground surface without benefit of mechanical lift equipment.
Groundwater means subsurface water permanently or seasonally occupying a zone of
saturation.
Grout means a stable bentonite clay material that is NSF approved, in a slurry or granular form
impervious to and capable of preventing the vertical movement or migration of water.
Hazardous substance means those substances which, because of quantity, concentration, or
physical/chemical/infectious characteristics, may pose a threat to human health or to the
environment when improperly treated, handled, stored and transported, and disposed of.
Hazardous substances include those defined as hazardous under federal, state and municipal
laws.
Holding tank means a watertight covered receptacle as required by AMC chapter 15.65
designed and built to receive and store domestic wastewater for disposal at another location.
Hydrogeologist means a certified professional geologist, licensed by the State of Alaska who
practices groundwater science or a nationally certified groundwater professional.
Manure/animal excreta means solid waste from domesticated animals, and for the purposes of
this chapter, shall also mean bedding or other materials contaminated by animal liquid or solid
wastes.
Manure/animal excreta storage area means any area where such material is being stored
temporarily or permanently or being composted.
NSF means National Sanitation Foundation.
On-site wastewater disposal system means any wastewater storage, treatment, or disposal
system which serves a facility located on a lot which is not connected to a public sewer.
Out of service means has not been functional for 90 or more consecutive days. An example of
non-functional wells includes wells without pumps, electrical power or appurtenances
(including a surface discharge point).
Outer annular space means the void space between the side wall of the drilled bore hole and
the outside casing wall.
Permit means a written document issued by the development services department permitting
the construction and/or development of a subsurface potable water source.
Pitless adapter means a device attached to the well casing below ground level, constructed to
permit the flow of water from the well easing.
Potable water means water which is satisfactory for drinking and culinary purposes.
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Protective well radius means a prescribed horizontal distance between the well head and
potential source of contaminants.
Public sewer means a sewage collection system operated by a public utility as defined in Alaska
Statute 42.05.701.
Public water means a water distribution system which is operated by a public utility as defined
in Alaska Statute 46.03.020.
Pump means a mechanical device used to recover water from a well or water collection system.
Recovery means the ability of the water in a well to return to its static level after being drawn
down during a period of pumping.
Sanitary well seal means a mechanical seal installed on the top of the well which has been
approved by the development services department.
Screen means a filtering device used to keep sediment from entering a water well.
Sealing or sealed means the act of providing a water tight seal between the casing and the well
bore by means of an impervious material.
Septic disposal field means an absorption bed, deep or shallow absorption trench, seepage pit
or mound system.
Septic tank means the water tight receptacle designed to receive domestic wastewater and
allow the clarified liquids to be discharged into a subsurface soil absorption system.
Setback means distance from a water well to a defined object, point or location.
Static water level means the water level in a well has not been affected by withdrawal of
groundwater.
Stick up means the portion of a well's casing extending above the surface of the ground.
Surface water means any persistent natural or man-made source of water, which is not directly
attributable to a single rainfall or snowmelt event. Surface waters include all lakes, ponds,
streams, springs, intermittent or seasonal flows, natural and artificial bodies of water and all of
the water of the State of Alaska as defined in Alaska Statute 5.25.100(5).
Wastewater means water containing human excreta, food waste, wash water and other wastes
commonly discharged into a water-carried sewage disposal system, and such diluting water as
may have entered the waste disposal system. Wastewater does not mean liquids containing
hazardous wastes as defined by federal, state or municipal law.
Water-carried sewage disposal system means a wastewater disposal system through which
wastes are conveyed with the aid of water.
Water producing zone means a subsurface zone producing water and separated from another
water bearing layer by at least five feet of silt or clay.
Water storage facilities means and shall include all water storage tank(s), pumps and piping
used in the storage of potable water.
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Water table means a groundwater surface within an aquifer where pressure is equal to the
atmosphere.
Water well means a bored, drilled, or driven excavation utilized for the purpose of extracting
groundwater from an aquifer for domestic use.
Well cap means a mechanical cover installed on the top of a well casing which may or may not
be water tight.
Well decommissioning means the process or procedure by which production from a well has
been discontinued and the well properly removed from service.
Well depth means the depth of the well as measured from ground surface.
Well drilling contractor means a certified well driller, as defined above.
Well log means a written report showing the property owner, location, and all pertinent
information and data relative to the drilling and completion of the well.
Well pit means an excavation, opening, shaft or hole surrounding a well.
Well rehabilitation means subsurface improvements designed to alter well yield or the physical
characteristics of an existing well.
Well test means a test conducted by a licensed well driller, a certified pump installer, a
hydrogeologist, or an engineer to determine the sustained producing capability of the well and
the recovery rate of the well.
Well yield means the sustained producing rate of a well determined by a well test.
(AO No. 96-98(S), § 3, 8-13-96; AO No. 2005-130, § 1, 1-1-06)
15.55.040 - Prohibited actions.
A. No person shall cause or permit the construction of a surface or subsurface water source for
domestic purposes without holding a valid permit issued by the development services
department in the name of the property owner for the specific property and construction
proposed. The well drilling contractor shall have a copy of the valid permit at the site of the
drilling operation.
B. No person shall cause or allow the placement of any refuse, trash, waste, or contaminated or
hazardous substance into any existing or abandoned well or domestic water source.
C. The location of a well, on-site wastewater disposal system or subsurface drain, either
separately or in combination with each other and other wells, on-site wastewater disposal
systems or subsurface drains in the vicinity, shall not have the effect of prohibiting future
residential use of an adjacent lot or parcel. The department may require an agreement and
necessary easements with the owner of the affected property for the sharing of a well or other
resolution of the problem. The agreement shall be recorded.
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D. No person shall cause or allow the construction of a domestic water source violating the laws
or regulations of the state or the municipality.
E. No person may cause the construction, installation or use of a cross connection between a
domestic, active or decommissioned water well and a public water system.
F. No person shall allow a water supply well to remain out of service for more than 90 days
without permanently decommissioning the well.
G. No person shall allow the waste of water by free-flowing wells, whether by surface discharge
or into the lower strata underground, without putting it to beneficial use. Flow shall be sealed
to the satisfaction of the development services department.
(AO No. 96-98(S), § 4, 8-13-96; AO No. 2005-130, § 1, 1-1-06)
15.55.050 - Permit for domestic water system.
A. Permit to drill. An application to drill a new or replacement well shall be submitted to the
development services department by the property owner or his/her authorized agent prior to
the commencement of drilling operations.
1. A permit issued under the terms of this chapter shall only be applicable for single-
family residential wells.
2. A permit for domestic water source shall not be issued if there is no existing or
permitted on-site wastewater disposal system or connection to public sewer service for
the property available, scheduled and approved. A variance may be issued for the
purposes of groundwater exploration wells constructed in accordance with the
standards of this chapter.
3. A permit for a domestic water system shall expire one year from the date of issuance,
but may be renewed for one additional year at the current renewal fee.
B. Application. The application shall be on a form provided by the development services
department, and shall be signed by the property owner or property owner's agent attesting the
well shall be sited, drilled and completed in accordance with standards and provisions in
chapters 15.55 and 15.65 and State of Alaska, 18 AAC 80 and 72.
1. The applicant shall submit a site plan signed by the property owner or property
owner's agent drawn on an 8½ by 11 inch sheet (or larger if necessary to comply with
this chapter) to a scale not smaller than one inch to 50 feet. The site plan shall show the:
a. Legal description of the lot or parcel;
b. Location of the proposed well;
c. Lot lines, roads, rights-of-way and easements on or adjacent to the lot;
d. Location of all existing structures on the lot;
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e. Measured distance to all existing water supply wells within 50 feet of the
proposed well site and the location of all wells within 200 feet on the subject and
adjacent properties;
f. All applicable protective well radii; and
g. The location or proposed location of all components shown in Table A-I, and
areas containing hazardous waste or other potential pollutants within 150 feet
of the proposed well.
C. Revocation, suspension and restriction of permits. The director may revoke, suspend, or
otherwise restrict a permit, issued under this chapter upon any of the following grounds:
1. Any false statements set forth in the application;
2. Any violation of the express terms or provisions of the permit;
3. The commission of any act or omission violating the requirements of chapter 15.55;
or
4. Failure to comply with state and federal regulations.
(AO No. 96-98(S), § 5, 8-13-96; AO No. 99-66(S), § 1, 5-11-99; AO No. 2005-130, § 1, 1-1-06)
15.55.055 - Certificate of on-site systems approval.
A. Prior to the transfer by gift, deed or contract of any ownership or use interest in a privately
owned on-site water well, the transferor shall obtain a certificate of on-site systems approval
from the development services department.
1. The requirements of this subsection A. do not apply to transfers between spouses, or
to a family trust.
B. Upon request and subject to the provisions of this section, the development services
department may issue or deny the issuance of a certificate of on-site systems approval for any
dwelling or site served by a privately owned well.
C. Where an on-site well does not conform to state and/or municipal laws, but no material
health hazard is posed by postponing correction of the well's defects, the development services
department may issue a conditional certificate of on-site systems approval to extend the period
of time for corrective action until weather conditions allow. This conditional certificate may be
issued with conditions necessary to ensure the public health and safety are not endangered.
D. The development services department shall issue a certificate of on-site systems approval if
the department finds information provided by an engineer demonstrates the system for which
the certificate is sought conforms to all applicable provisions of chapter 15.55, regulations
promulgated hereunder and applicable state statutes and regulations in effect at the time of
original installation or at the time of any subsequent modification and does not presently
create a health hazard.
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E. The development services department may require a request for a certificate of on-site
systems approval be on forms provided by the department.
F. All test procedures used to collect the information necessary to meet the requirements of
this section shall be developed and modified jointly by the Anchorage Health Department and
the development services department.
G. Before a certificate of on-site systems approval may be issued, drinking water from the well
on the property shall be properly sampled and analyzed by a certified laboratory for levels of
total coliform bacteria, other bacteria, arsenic and nitrate. The levels of total coliform and other
bacteria shall conform to drinking water limits established in section 15.55.060K. For other
contaminants, including arsenic and nitrate, the departments shall use current USEPA public
drinking water standards as a guideline to trigger actions deemed necessary to protect the
public health. If nitrates are present greater than 10.0 mg/l, the applicant shall comply with
subsection H., below.
H. If sampling results from a well on a property requesting a certificate of on-site systems
approval show the nitrate concentration in the well water is greater than 10.0 mg/l, the
following steps shall be taken:
1. A visual inspection of the well bore, using a down hole camera, performed by a
certified well driller or pump installer, or engineer shall be used to evaluate the integrity
of the casing and the well is cased, without perforations, to the required depth.
2. An evaluation of the annular seal around the well casing shall be performed by a
certified well driller, pump installer, or engineer in accordance with procedures
established under subsection F. Fluorometric dye and water shall be introduced into a
temporary basin dug into the ground surface surrounding the well casing stick up. Well
water samples for laboratory analysis shall be collected for a minimum of 48 hours after
dye is introduced and analyzed by a certified laboratory for the presence of the dye.
Presence of the dye within 48 hours is evidence of an inadequate annular seal around
the well casing. The annular seal shall be deemed satisfactory if dye cannot be detected
within the first 48 hours of introduction.
3. If the annular seal around the casing is determined satisfactory through dye testing,
the development services department may issue a certificate of on-site systems
approval provided the well is cased and un-perforated to a minimum depth of 40 feet
and meets all other well code construction standards in place at the time the well was
originally constructed. If the well does not meet the minimum 40 feet easing depth, at
the time approval is requested from the development services department, a certificate
of on-site systems approval may be issued if the well is retrofitted with a pressure-
grouted well liner installed to a minimum depth of 40 feet.
4. If water producing zones with greater than ten mg/l nitrates are found below the well
casing and there are also other water producing zones with less than ten mg/l nitrates,
the well shall be retrofitted to eliminate cross connection between the water producing
zones.
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5. If the well casing or annular seal around the casing are determined to be inadequate
or unsatisfactory, or if cross connections between water producing zones are found, the
well shall be repaired or modified to meet current well construction standards outlined
in section 15.55.060 or the well shall be decommissioned in accordance with section
15.55.060L. After the well is brought up to applicable standards, the development
services department may issue a certificate of on-site systems approval. The
development services department may require additional monitoring.
6. Upon completion of any rehabilitative well work, the temporary basin created around
the well casing for the dye test shall be filled with a bentonite slurry and re-graded to
meet the standards in section 15.55.060C.2. The well shall also be disinfected in
accordance with section 15.55.060G.1. and retested for nitrates.
(AO No. 86-21; AO No. 98-124, § 1, 8-18-98; AO No. 2005-130, § 1, 1-1-06; AO No. 2017-147, §
1, 11-21-17; AO No. 2018-118, § 2, 1-1-19)
15.55.060 - General standards for domestic wells.
A. Prohibited wells. Well pits are prohibited. The development services department may, at its
discretion, allow an existing well pit to remain in use if it is shown the pit provides adequate
protection against flooding.
B. Well location and minimum setbacks. The location of a well shall be at a site readily
accessible year round for testing, repair or maintenance purposes. The minimum separation
requirements between wells and other specified facilities or areas shall be:
TABLE A-1
EXPAND
SEPARATION OF
WELL FROM:
MINIMUM
SEPARATION
DISTANCE IN FEET
Private sewer line 25
Curtain drain 25
Petroleum Hydrocarbon storage tank 25
Sewer trunk line 75
Any other source of potential contamination 75
Holding tank 75
Septic absorption field 100
Sewer manhole or cleanout 100
Septic tank 100
Animal containment areas 50
Manure/animal excreta storage areas 100
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C. Well drilling. The commercial drilling of a well and subsequent rehabilitation or deepening
operation shall be performed by a licensed well driller. Any drilling method used in the
construction of a well shall meet the following requirements:
1. The well driller shall notify the development services department of the proposed
date of commencement of any drilling or rehabilitation or deepening or
decommissioning operation prior to the start of operation.
2. The ground surface surrounding the well for at least ten feet shall be sloped or
contoured to allow surface water to drain away from the well.
3. The well driller shall exercise reasonable care during excavation or drilling operation
to prevent contamination to any aquifer.
4. Organic drilling fluid may be used only if the fluid is approved for such use by the
National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) or by an equivalent organization; these fluids are
listed in NSF Standard 60 and NSF Standard 61 and in associated product listings
described in these two standards.
5. Water used in the drilling process shall be obtained from a source providing potable
water.
6. Water wells shall be drilled and cased with non-perforated pipe to a minimum depth
of 40 feet, in unconsolidated materials and in bedrock. If bedrock is encountered at a
depth greater than 20 feet and less than 40 feet, then the easing shall extend a
minimum of 20 feet into the bedrock. Where it is necessary to case bedrock to meet
these requirements, an oversized borehole shall be drilled from surface to the required
depth into the bedrock. The resulting oversized borehole shall be grouted in accordance
with section 15.55.060D.2.
7. A well completed in unconsolidated formations shall be constructed so water only
enters the well from a single water producing zone.
D. Well casing. All casing shall be installed with NSF approved potable water materials in new or
like new condition, free of pits or breaks. The following wall thickness shall be used, except all
casing greater than the nominal size of six inches shall have a wall thickness of at least 0.250
inches:
TABLE A-2
EXPAND
NOMINAL SIZE
(INSIDE
DIAMETER)
(INCHES)
OUTSIDE
DIAMETER
(INCHES)
WALL
THICKNESS
(INCHES)
4 4.50 0.237
5 5.50 0.244
5.5 6.00 0.245
0.250
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1. Joints. All casing joints shall be screw-coupled or welded and shall be water tight. If
welded joints are used, the weld shall be at least as thick as the thickness of the well
casing.
2. Grouting. Grouting the outer annular space is necessary to prevent shallow non-
potable water or surface waters from entering into a potable water aquifer. All wells
shall be ground with bentonite slurry or granules as follows:
a. From the pitless adapter level to at least ten feet below the pitless adapter or,
from the surface to a minimum 20 feet below the surface;
b. If bedrock is encountered as described in section 15.55.060C.6., the following
grouting procedures shall be followed:
i. The permanent well casing shall be grouted from the bottom of the
borehole up using high solids bentonite slurry (minimum 20 percent
solids content). The oversized bore shall be stabilized to eliminate caving
and sloughing.
ii. If the permanent casing is used as a tremie to place the grout by
circulating from the up, a minimum one-inch annulus spacing from the
bottom of the bore to surface shall be required.
iii. If a temporary casing is used to stabilize the oversized bore, it shall be
removed upon completion of grouting procedures.
3. Pitless adapters. Pitless adapters shall be installed by a certified pump installer, a
certified well driller or by an excavator under the supervision of a certified pump
installer or well driller. The burial depth and type of pitless adapter installed shall be
recorded on the pump installation log pursuant to section 15.55.060J. When installed,
pitless adapters shall be one of the types approved by the development services
department.
4. Well casing stick up. All well casing shall extend a minimum of 18 inches above the
finished grade, with the ground sloped to drain away from the casing.
5. Well seal. The top of the casing shall be closed with a sanitary well seal of a type
approved by the development services department.
6. Drive shoe. When the casing is driven or otherwise forced into the well bore, the
bottom of the casing shall be protected from damage by the use of a drive shoe or
mechanical device.
7. Perforating or slotting. Perforating or slotting of the casing utilized for the purpose of
allowing water to enter the well from water producing zones encountered above the
bottom of the casing shall not extend higher than 40 feet below the ground surface,
unless it meets the requirements of section 15.55.060C.6.
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E. Well accessories. The commercial installation of well accessories shall be performed by a
certified well driller or certified pump installer.
F. Minimum water well production and testing. If the minimum sustained rate of production
and recovery of a well is less than 150 gallons per day per bedroom, as determined by a well
yield test and/or recovery test, water storage facilities shall be installed.
1. Well yield testing. Upon completion of a well, a well yield test shall be performed by a
certified well driller or pump installer or a certified civil engineer or a hydrogeologist.
The well yield test shall be performed by bailing, air lifting or by pumping. The well yield
test shall accurately determine the well's sustained productivity from test data
including, but not limited to, static water level, pumping water level, drawdown rate,
recovery rate or any other information useful in determining the sustained producing
rate. If the well's initial sustained production rate is less than one gallon per minute, the
development services department may require additional testing by alternative
methods.
2. Water quality testing. Drinking water from the well shall be properly sampled and
analyzed by a certified laboratory for levels of total coliform bacteria, other bacteria,
arsenic and nitrate. The results of this sampling shall be submitted to the development
services department within 30 days of the completion of the well. The levels of total
coliform and other bacteria shall conform to drinking water limits established in section
15.55.060K. For other contaminants, including arsenic and nitrate, the departments
shall use the current USEPA public drinking water standards as a guideline to trigger
actions deemed necessary to protect the public health. Such actions shall be taken in
partnership by the Anchorage Health Department and the development services
department and may include, but are not limited to, issuing a health advisory,
discontinuation of the use of water from the well for drinking water, decommissioning
of the well, or requiring water treatment. The above departments may require other
contaminants to be analyzed if deemed necessary for the protection of public health.
G. Well disinfection. Wells shall be disinfected as follows:
1. New or deepened wells. Immediately after completion of drilling or deepening wells,
the well shall be disinfected. After the well is flushed of drill cuttings, apply a chlorine
compound proportioned to provide a concentration of at least 50 ppm as free chlorine
to the entire volume of water in the well bore. The chlorine shall be introduced into the
well in a manner which shall distribute it throughout the entire water depth. Allow the
chlorinated water to remain in the well undisturbed for at least 24 hours.
2. Hydrofractured or redeveloped wells. While redeveloping or hydrofracturing wells
and when possible, a free chlorine residual in the well of at least five ppm shall be
maintained.
3. Pump work. On completion of pump installation work, a chlorine compound
proportioned to provide a concentration of at least 50 ppm as free chlorine to the entire
volume of water in the well bore shall be applied. After chlorine is introduced, water
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shall be circulated in the well so it reaches all parts of the pumping equipment, inside
and out. The chlorinated water shall remain in the well for at least one hour.
4. Flushing. After the required disinfection time has expired, the well shall be flushed of
all chlorinated water before being placed in service.
H. Well identification. All wells shall be labeled with a durable form of construction information
upon completion. The construction information source shall be secured to the well casing and
contain the following information:
1. The name of the drilling contractor;
2. The date the well was completed;
3. The total depth;
4. The total depth of casing;
5. The location and type of well completion;
6. Static water level below the top of the casing;
7. Yield; and
8. Height of casing above finished grade.
I. Well logs and as-built. The certified well driller shall provide a well log to the development
services department within 30 days of completion of the well. The well log shall include at least
the following pertinent information:
1. The property owner's name;
2. The legal description and street address;
3. The method of drilling (rotary, cable tool, etc.);
4. A description, relative depth, and thickness of each soil stratum penetrated from the
ground surface to the total depth;
5. The relative depth and thickness of each water bearing stratum (aquifer) penetrated;
6. The total depth drilled;
7. The length, diameter, wall thickness and type of casing used;
8. A description of the liner (if used) and the length and setting depth;
9. The depth and number of perforations, (if any) in the easing and/or liner;
10. The type and location of any screens used;
11. The static water level and drawdown level;
12. The well production test results including the method of testing;
13. The dates of commencement and completion of drilling operations;
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14. The number and date of the well drilling permit issued by the development services
department;
15. The name and address of the certified well driller; and
16. A description of the method of disinfection process used upon completion of the
well.
J. Pump installation log. The certified pump installer or well driller shall provide a pump
installation log to the development services department within 30 days of completion of the
installation of a pump into a water well.
1. The pump installation log shall include at least the following pertinent information:
a. The property owner's name;
b. The legal description and street address of the property;
c. The date of the pump installation;
d. The manufacturer's name, model and size of the pump installed;
e. The depth from top of casing that the pump is installed;
f. The number and date of the well drilling permit issued by the development
services department;
g. The name and address of the certified pump installer, or certified well driller
or excavator; and
h. A description of the method of disinfection used.
K. Water quality standards. Water used for domestic purposes shall not contain
concentrations exceeding the following ratios:
1. Total coliform bacteria—0 colonies per 100 ml.
2. Other bacteria—10 colonies per 100 ml.
L. Well decommissioning. Wells shall be decommissioned by a certified well driller or a certified
pump installer in accordance with this subsection:
1. Permanent decommissioning. A well may be permanently decommissioned by one of
the following methods:
a. Perforate the casing from the bottom to within five feet of the land surface,
remove the top five feet, then pressure grout the entire length.
b. Withdraw the casing and fill the borehole with grout, or bentonite as the
casing is being withdrawn.
c. Cut off the casing at a point two feet below ground level and fill the casing
with a bentonite slurry pumped from the bottom up or with bentonite chips
poured in a bridge free manner. The top of the cut off casing shall then be sealed
with a 0.25 inch thick (or thicker) plate firmly welded to the top of the casing.
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(AO No. 96-98(S), § 6, 8-13-96; AO No. 2005-130, § 1, 1-1-06; AO No. 2018-118, § 2, 1-1-19)
15.55.070 - General standards for potable water hauling and storage facilities.
A. When well productivity is less than the requirements of section 15.55.060E., water storage
facilities shall be installed.
1. A permit to install water storage facilities shall be obtained from the development
services department prior to installation. The permit application shall include:
a. The legal description of the property;
b. An as-built site plan or proposed site, plan meeting the requirements of
subsection 15.55.050B.1. and including the location of the water storage
facilities; and
c. The number of bedrooms served by the well and/or water storage facilities.
B. Location of buried water storage facilities. The location of buried water storage facilities shall
be at a site readily accessible year round for testing, repair or maintenance purposes. The
minimum separation requirement between buried water storage facilities and other specified
facilities and areas shall be in accordance with Table A-1.
1. The ground surrounding the access of the storage tank shall be sloped or contoured
to allow surface water to drain away.
C. Water storage facility specifications. Specifications and requirements for water storage tanks
and facilities, for both interior and exterior applications are as follows:
1. Water storage tanks shall have National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) approval; or
2. Water storage tanks shall be designed by an engineer and manufactured by an
approved tank manufacturer. Materials and coating used in construction shall be either
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or NSF approved food grade;
3. All components of water storage facilities shall comply with the latest adopted edition of the
Uniform Plumbing Code, as amended where applicable; and
4. Water storage tanks shall have a minimum capacity of:
a. One thousand gallons for homes up to and including three bedrooms without wells or
having a well producing less than 150 gallons per day. Each bedroom above three
bedrooms shall add 250 gallons to the required capacity of the tank.
b. Five hundred gallons for homes with wells producing 150 gallons or more of water
meeting the requirements of section 15.55.060K. per day but less than the requirement
of section 15.55.060E.
5. An exterior water storage tank shall have a minimum of four feet of cover, or insulated to
protect from freezing. Tanks buried with less than two feet of cover shall have calculations
submitted by an engineer showing adequate measures have been taken to prevent the tank
from freezing.
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6.
7. Water delivery to water storage facilities shall be accomplished only by water haulers
certified by the State of Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC).
8. Homeowners may haul water to their own water storage facilities provided they obtain the
water from a source approved by ADEC and use a tank approved by the development services
department.
(AO No. 96-98(S), § 7, 8-13-96; AO No. 2005-130, § 1, 1-1-06)
15.55.080 - Well driller and pump installer certification.
A. It shall be unlawful for any person or company to engage in the business of drilling or
deepening a water well for domestic use unless the person or company holds a well driller's
certificate issued by the development services department.
B. It shall be unlawful for a person or company to engage in the business of installing, removing,
or repairing a water well pump, or engage in any other subsurface activity on a water well for
domestic use unless the person or company holds a valid pump installer certificate issued by
the development services department.
C. A well driller's or pump installer's certificate shall be valid for a period of one calendar year
and shall be renewed each subsequent year thereafter.
1. A certificate shall be issued by the development services department annually only
when the well driller or pump installer has completed a training class conducted by the
department within the past 24 months.
2. The certificate may be revoked by the development services department if the
certificate holder is found guilty of or pleads guilty to an offense under this chapter. The
period of revocation shall be according to the following schedule:
a. One offense within the previous five years shall result in a revocation of the
certificate of one month.
b. Two offenses within the previous five years shall result in a revocation of the
certificate of two months.
c. Three offenses within the previous five years shall result in a revocation of the
certificate of six months.
d. More than three offenses within the previous five years shall result in
permanent revocation of the certificate.
(AO No. 96-98(S), § 8, 8-13-96; AO No. 2005-130, § 1, 1-1-06)
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2.5 Anchorage Septic Tank Code
15.65.205 - Septic tanks.
A. Tank capacity. A septic tank shall have a minimum working capacity, comprised of the
volume of the septic tank below the bottom of the tank's discharge outlet, of 1,000 gallons plus
250 gallons for each bedroom over three.
B. Septic tank location.
1. Separation distances.
a. A septic tank shall not be located within five feet of a property line.
Exception: A reduced distance may be allowed if an engineer's evaluation
demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the department, that such an encroachment
would not increase the risk to the public health and environment, and not
impact the ability to develop and maintain the adjacent property.
b. A septic tank shall not be located within ten feet of a water main or water
service line.
Exception:
engineer's evaluation demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the department, that
such an encroachment would not increase the risk of contamination to the
separation is required to be approved by ADEC.
c. For a conventional foundation having a strip footing or a shallow foundation
consisting of a concrete slab with thickened edge, a septic tank shall not be
located within the foundation soil bearing prism established by a 45 degree
plane extending down and outward from the bottom outside edge of the footing
or thickened slab edge, or a minimum of ten feet from these types of
foundations.
Exception: A septic tank may be located no less than five feet from a foundation supporting a
storage-shed, greenhouse, agricultural building, shop, garage, carport, or similar structure
having a total gross floor area of 600 square feet or less and having an eave height of ten feet
or less.
d. For decks and stairs located more than thirty inches above grade, a septic tank
shall not be located within five feet of an associated deck or stair support. For
decks 30 inches or less above grade, a septic tank shall not be located under an
associated deck support.
e. One hundred feet to surface water, measured along the path which
overflowing wastewater would travel.
f. One hundred feet from a private well.
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g. The separation distances required by 18 AAC 80 from public water supply
systems.
2. Pumping access.A septic tank shall be installed only in an area that will be readily
accessible for pumping.
3. Driveway or parking area. A septic tank shall not be buried under a driveway or
parking area, unless the engineer provides a design, including calculations,
demonstrating its structural and thermal integrity.
C. Cover and insulation. Tanks with two to four feet of cover shall be insulated with a minimum
of two inches of approved insulation placed immediately above the top of the tank. Tanks with
less than two feet of cover shall be insulated in accordance with an engineering report
demonstrating protection from freezing and specifying the insulation requirements.
D. Buoyancy forces. A septic tank subject to buoyancy forces shall be anchored or ballasted as
required to prevent flotation regardless of the liquid level in the tank.
E. Watertight couplings. All septic tanks shall be fitted with watertight couplings, approved by
the department, at the pump-out attachments and on the inlet and outlet of the tank.
F. Required cleanouts. A septic tank, including the piping leading into and out of the tank, shall
have all of the following:
1. A 20-inch (minimum) diameter manway riser serving the first compartment. The riser,
including the cover, shall be insulated with four-inch minimum insulation extending 48
inches below grade or to the tank insulation. The insulation shall be of an approved type
suitable for below grade applications. Exposed insulation above grade shall be protected
from UV damage. The riser lid shall be secured to prevent unintended access. (Per § 4 of
AO No. 2017-129, this subsection F.1. is effective May 1, 2019)
2. A four-inch diameter or larger standpipe with airtight cap providing effective access
to each of the other compartments.
3. A cleanout installed one to four feet from the building foundation. If it is not practical
to install a cleanout near the foundation because of an existing building, driveway,
parking area, utilities, or other structure, one set of opposing cleanouts shall be installed
on the upstream side of the tank within ten feet of the inlet.
4. One set of opposing cleanouts (aka; double cleanouts) installed on the downstream
side of the tank within ten feet of the outlet. The opposing cleanouts shall be oriented
such that the cleanout closest to the tank shall be to clean the line away from the septic
tank, and the cleanout furthest from the tank shall be oriented to allow cleaning toward
the septic tank. The cleanouts shall be located on undisturbed soil.
Exception: Pressurized distribution pipes do not require cleanouts.
G. Septic tank decommissioning.Septic tank decommissioning shall be in accordance with the
current adopted version of the Uniform Plumbing Code.
24
H. Septic tank material.Septic tanks shall be constructed from durable, corrosion-resistant
materials, including concrete, fiberglass, or plastic. Septic tanks constructed from steel shall be
coated on both the interior and exterior with an approved polyurethane lining or superior
material. (Per § 4 of AO No. 2017-129, this subsection H. is effective May 1, 2019)
(AO No. 2017-129, § 3, 1-23-18 and 5-1-19)
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2.6 Alaska DEC Minimum Separation Distance Requirements for Wells
Unless the department has approved a lesser minimum separation distance, a person
who installs, modifies, or operates a source of drinking water associated with a private
water system must meet the following minimum separation distances to a potential
source of contamination:
o at least 100 horizontal feet, measured nearest edge to nearest edge, to a
wastewater treatment works, sewer line, sewer line cleanout, manhole, lift
station, septic tank, wastewater holding tank, soil absorption system, disposal
system, disposal sewer, pit privy, sanitary landfill, or other potential source of
contamination such as animal byproducts, manure or waste, agricultural waste,
sewage solids disposal sites, or biosolids storage areas;
o at least 25 horizontal feet, measured nearest edge to nearest edge, to a private
sewer line, sewer service line, or sump contained within a building;
o at least 25 horizontal feet, measured nearest edge to nearest edge, to a land
surface discharge or subsurface disposal area associated with drinking water
reject water from reverse osmosis units and backwash water from filters and
water softeners; and
o at least 25 horizontal feet, measured nearest edge to nearest edge, to a fuel
storage tank or line; the minimum separation distance to a fuel storage tank or
line does not apply to
a tank or line that contains propane or natural gas; or
an above-ground storage tank or drum that, in the aggregate, has a
storage capacity equal to or less than 500 gallons of petroleum products.
Unless the department has approved a lesser separation distance, a person who installs,
modifies, or operates a water holding tank associated with a private water system or a
private water line must meet the following minimum separation distances to potential
sources of contamination:
o at least 10 horizontal feet, measured nearest edge to nearest edge, to a fuel
storage tank or line; the minimum separation distance for a fuel storage tank or
line does not apply to
a tank or line that contains propane or natural gas; or
an above-ground storage tank or drum that, in the aggregate, has a
storage capacity of equal to or less than 500 gallons of petroleum
products;
o at least five horizontal feet, measured nearest edge to nearest edge, to a septic
tank, treatment tank, holding tank, lift station, community sewer line, land
surface discharge, or subsurface disposal area;
26
o at least 12 horizontal inches, measured nearest edge to nearest edge, to a
private sewer line;
o at locations where a private water line must cross a private or community sewer
line,
at least 12 vertical inches, measured nearest edge to nearest edge, with
the private or community sewer line located below the private water line;
and
at least nine feet, measured nearest edge to nearest edge, from the
private water line joints to the private or community sewer line joints.
A person who drills, installs, modifies, or operates a well serving a private water system
must use a method equivalent to well protection or source water protection contained
in 18 AAC 80 or the publicly identified approved best management practice as
protective of a public water systems.
A person who owns or is responsible for a well shall maintain it in accordance with 18
AAC 80.015(d) or decommission it in accordance with 18 AAC 80.015(e).
18 AAC 72.100
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3. Department Input
3.1 Fire Department
Seward has adopted, with some exceptions, the International Fire Code (IFC) for fire
prevention. The information below includes:
Fire Insurance/ISO Rating
Fire Suppression Rating Schedule (FSRS) Overview
2021 International Fire Code
Hydrant Distance Information
Fire Response Protocols and Timelines
Fire Insurance/ISO Rating
ISO-Insurance Services Organization-Grades are 1-10 with a 10 essentially no fire department
and a 1 being the highest grade. We are a 3/3Y which is exceptional for a town our size. They
grade us as a whole; they do not care about zoning or districts other than SMIC is considered an
independent classification due to it’s remoteness from the city hence the “Y” signifies. If we
take on areas of the city with buildings and do not provide hydrants, then that is putting the
rest of the community’s insurance rates at jeopardy.
The Fire Suppression Rating Schedule (FSRS) Overview
The Fire Suppression Rating Schedule (FSRS) is a manual containing the criteria we use in
reviewing the fire prevention and fire suppression capabilities of individual communities or fire
protection areas. The schedule measures the major elements of a community’s fire protection
system and develops a numerical grading called a Public Protection Classification (PPC®).
Our FSRS employs nationally accepted standards developed by such organizations as the
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), the American Water Works Association (AWWA),
and the Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials (APCO) International. When
those organizations update their standards, the evaluation changes as well. The PPC program
always provides a useful benchmark that helps fire departments and other public officials
measure the effectiveness of their efforts — and plan improvements.
How the FSRS works
The FSRS lists a large number of items (facilities and practices) that a community should have to
fight fires effectively. The schedule is performance based and assigns credit points for each
item. Using the credit points and various formulas, we calculate a total score on a scale of 0 to
105.5.
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To receive certain PPC ratings, a community must meet minimum criteria. After a community
meets those criteria, the PPC rating depends on the community’s score on the point scale. For
more information, see:
Minimum Facilities and Practices to Get a PPC Rating
Minimum Criteria for Class 9
Minimum Criteria for Class 8B
Minimum Criteria for Class 8 or Better
Scores and PPC Ratings
The FSRS considers three main areas of a community’s fire suppression system: emergency
communications, fire department (including operational considerations), and water supply. In
addition, it includes a Community Risk Reduction section that recognizes community efforts to
reduce losses through fire prevention, public fire safety education, and fire investigation.
Emergency Communications
A maximum of 10 points of a community’s overall score is based on how well the fire
department receives and dispatches fire alarms. Our field representatives evaluate:
the emergency reporting system
the communications center, including the number of telecommunicators
computer-aided dispatch (CAD) facilities
the dispatch circuits and how the center notifies firefighters about the location of the
emergency
Fire Department
A maximum of 50 points of the overall score is based on the fire department. We review the
distribution of fire companies throughout the area and checks that the fire department tests its
pumps regularly and inventories each engine and ladder company’s equipment according to
NFPA 1901. We also review the fire company records to determine factors such as:
type and extent of training provided to fire company personnel
number of people who participate in training
firefighter response to emergencies
maintenance and testing of the fire department’s equipment
Water Supply
A maximum of 40 points of the overall score is based on the community’s water supply. This
part of the survey focuses on whether the community has sufficient water supply for fire
suppression beyond daily maximum consumption. We survey all components of the water
supply system. We also review fire hydrant inspections and frequency of flow testing. Finally,
29
we count the number of fire hydrants that are no more than 1,000 feet from the representative
locations.
Community Risk Reduction
The Community Risk Reduction section of the FSRS offers a maximum of 5.5 points, resulting in
105.5 total points available in the FSRS. The inclusion of this section for “extra points” allows
recognition for those communities that employ effective fire prevention practices, without
unduly affecting those who have not yet adopted such measures. The addition of Community
Risk Reduction gives incentives to those communities who strive proactively to reduce fire
severity through a structured program of fire prevention activities.
The areas of community risk reduction evaluated in this section include:
fire prevention
fire safety education
fire investigation
2021 International Fire Code
Chapter 5, (Fire service features) of the IFC, Section 507.5.1, (Where required) is revised to
required. Where a portion of the facility or building hereafter constructed
or moved into or within the City is more than 250 feet (76.20 meters) from a hydrant on a fire
apparatus access road, as measured by an approved route around the exterior of the facility or
building, on-site fire hydrants and mains shall be provided where required by the building
507.1 Required Water Supply. An Approved water supply capable of supplying the required fire
flow for fire protection shall be provided to premises on which facilities, buildings or portions of
buildings are hereafter constructed or moved into or within the jurisdiction.
Chapter 5 (Fire service features) of the IFC, Section 507 (Fire protection water supplies) of the
IFC, amend Section 507.1 by adding the following exceptions:
require a water supply:
1.Detached one- and two-family dwellings regulated by the International Residential Code and
protected throughout by an approved automatic fire sprinkler system;
2.Structures accessory to detached one- and two-family dwellings and regulated by the
International Residential Code having 3,000 square feet or less gross floor area;
3.Structures classified as a Group U occupancy in accordance with the International Building
Code having 3,000 square feet or less gross floor area;
30
4. Structures classified as a Group U occupancy in accordance with the International Building
Code in excess of 3,000 square feet of gross floor area and protected throughout by an
approved automatic fire sprinkler system;
5. Buildings protected throughout by an approved automatic fire sprinkler system and
constructed of Type I-A or I-B construction in accordance with the International Building Code;
6. Buildings protected throughout by an approved automatic fire sprinkler system and
constructed of Type II-A construction when Type II-B construction is allowed based on
occupancy classification, allowable height and allowable area in accordance with the
International Building Code;
7. Buildings protected throughout by an approved automatic fire sprinkler system and
constructed of Type III-A construction when Type III-B construction is allowed based on
occupancy classification, allowable height and allowable area in accordance with the
International Building Code; and
8. Buildings protected throughout by an approved automatic fire sprinkler system and
constructed of Type V-A construction when Type V-B construction is allowed based on
occupancy classification, allowable height and allowable area in accordance with the
In
Chapter 5, (Fire service features) of the IFC, Section 507.5.1, (Where required) is revised to
or moved into or within the City is more than 250 feet (76.20 meters) from a hydrant on a fire
apparatus access road, as measured by an approved route around the exterior of the facility or
building, on-site fire hydrants and mains shall be provided where required by the building
s further revised by deleting Exceptions 1 and 2.
Hydrant Distance Information
City of Seward fire hydrants are spaced every 500 feet (500’).
Soldotna is on 2012 IFC and has no provisions, exemptions, or changes to Chapter 5, so
hydrants are required every 400’ or R-3 (single family dwellings) every 600’.
Fire Response Timelines and Protocols
Mutual Aid Agreement with Bear Creek and Lowell Point
The City of Seward has Automatic and Mutual aid agreements with Lowell Point and Bear
Creek. That is dependent on whether their apparatus are not on another call, down for
maintenance, or otherwise unavailable. They also must respond from their respective stations
31
which adds time to the response. The City of Seward should not look at buying a tanker, they
are expensive for just a small portion of town that does not, or would not, have hydrants and
we have nowhere to house another piece of apparatus.
Response Time:
Time is of the essence. We are short staffed mostly volunteer fire department. Volunteers have
to respond from home, get the fire truck, respond, catch a hydrant, set up the fire truck for
operation, pull hand lines, then fight the fire. See below where we are in the response window
of 6-8 minutes if we are lucky.
Moment Zero: Ignition
In this example, we’re going to look at a fire that begins on the stovetop. Nearly half of all
house fires start here, and all it takes is a few seconds for a pot to boil over, spilling oil-laden
contents onto the burner, where leftover fat or residue is able to catch fire – in just a few
hundredths of a second, no less.
First 30 Seconds:
Once a flame occurs, fire is able to spread easily. Any splattered grease, fat, or residue on the
stovetop will ignite, and any combustible materials (i.e. paper towels, paper or cardboard
packaging, potholders, or dish towels) will begin to heat up, smolder, and burn. This introduces
deadly smoke to the mix. At this point, extinguishing the fire with an appropriately-rated fire
extinguisher, or smothering the flames to deprive them of oxygen is crucial. Remember to
never use water on a cooking fire, as it can spread the flames.
30 Seconds to 1 Minute:
If the fire goes unnoticed after the first 30 seconds, it will grow higher and hotter. Both
exposure to open flames and radiated heat will cause more combustible materials to set on
fire, and it will continue to spread around the entire room. The larger the fire grows, the larger
a plume of hot air and smoke that will rise up to and across the ceiling.
60 Seconds to 2 Minutes:
During this time, the hot plume of smoke is beginning to grow thicker and deeper beneath the
ceiling, thus increasing carbon monoxide levels. It will quickly begin to spread outwards into
hallways and adjacent rooms and will even begin traveling through the vents.
2 Minutes to 3 Minutes:
By now, the kitchen cabinets, wooden shelves, and countertops are being consumed by the fire.
With so much combustible material being on fire, the temperature in the upper layer of hot gas
32
reaches 400 degrees Fahrenheit – hot enough to kill a person. The smoke is now dense enough
that it is hanging just above the floor, and it is growing increasingly toxic.
3 Minutes to 4 Minutes:
It only takes 3.5 minutes for the heat from a fire to reach 1100 degrees Fahrenheit. Because
this level of heat can cause all materials in the room to spontaneously catch fire, flashover
occurs during this period of time. This means that everything is engulfed in flames and the
oxygen is sucked out of the room, causing glass windows to shatter. Flames pour out of
doorways and start to burn ceilings and walls, thus traveling to other areas of the home at a
rapid speed.
4 Minutes to 5 Minutes:
Now, flames can be seen from the street, and the chance of escape or rescue may be
impossible. The collapse of wooden floors and even the roof is inevitable. We have a full-blown
house fire.
The speed with which flames can grow, spread, and engulf an entire home is incredible, but
being aware of the power of fire can help you prepare safe evacuation routes for yourself and
your loved ones, and to practice fire safety throughout your household.
Water Flow Information
Fire flow = length X width ÷ 3
This formula is most easily applied if the estimated square footage of the entire structure is
used to determine an approximate fire flow for the total structure and is then reduced
accordingly for various percentages of fire involvement.
The example shown below would illustrate how the formula can be applied to a single-family
dwelling 60 feet long by 20 feet wide and one story high:
60 X 20 ÷ 3 X 1 (floor) = 400 gpm
100% involvement = 400 gpm
50% involvement = 200 gpm
25% involvement = 100 gpm
The quick-calculation formula indicates that if the dwelling were fully involved, it would require
400 gpm to effectively control the fire. If only half of the building were burning, 200 gpm would
suffice, and 100 gpm should be sufficient if one-fourth of the building were involved.
Multi-Story Structures
33
In multi-story buildings, if more than one floor in the building is involved in fire, the fire flow
should be based on the area represented by the number of floors actually burning. For
example, the fire flow for a two-story building of similar dimensions as the previous example
would be:
60 X 20 ÷ 3 X 2 (floors) = 800 gpm if fully involved
If other floors in a building are not yet involved but are threatened by possible extension of fire,
they should be considered as interior exposures and 25 percent of the required fire flow of the
fire floor should be added for exposure protection for each exposed floor above the fire floor to
a maximum of five interior exposures. (A fire on the first floor would threaten the second floor
and 25 percent should be added. A second-floor fire would probably not threaten the first floor,
so no interior exposure would need to be calculated).
Exterior Exposures
Likewise, if exterior structures are being exposed to fire from the original fire building, 25
percent of the actual required fire flow for the building on fire should be added to provide
protection for each exposure.
The following example shows how to apply calculations for exposures to our previous one-story
dwelling with two separate exterior exposed structures:
60 X 20 ÷ 3 X 1 = 400 gpm
2 exposures: 400 gpm X (25% X 2) = 200 gpm
Total fire flow required = 600 gpm (for 100% involvement of the original fire area).
If the exposure becomes involved in fire (either additional floors of a multi-story building or
adjacent structures), the exposure(s) should then be treated as a separate fire area and
calculated separately, then added to the required fire flow for the original fire area.
In using the quick-calculation method to determine required fire flows, it is important to
remember that the answers provided by this formula are approximations of the water needed
to control the fire. The formula is geared to an offensive attack and its accuracy diminishes with
defensive operations. Don't forget that you are estimating both the area of the building and the
amount of fire involvement within the building.
Since firefighting is an inexact science to begin with, the use of the quick-calculation formula
cannot be expected to determine the exact gpm that will be specifically required for full fire
control. It has been found that as the amount of involvement reaches a stage where a
defensive attack is necessary, the needed fire flow will be found to be slightly greater than
required.
Seward Engine-2 carries 750 gallons and Engine-4 carries 1000 gallons. Just one nozzle flows
150gpm. That means pulling one attack line, there is 5 minutes of water flow, which is
insufficient to extinguish a well-involved structure fire.
34
3.2 City Attorney and Staff
Sam Severin, City Attorney
The question from council, as I understand it, is whether the city has liability if it allows wells,
which would then make for less fire hydrants or fire hydrants being farther away from
residences.
This is compounded by concerns about lack of a tanker truck at the fire department.
The simple answer is no, there is no liability. I could have answered that spontaneously but am
glad I paused. Kody had gone pretty far down the Quitberg argument previously. He explained
that IFC 507, which is adopted in SCC 9.15.111, requires sprinkler systems in homes if there isn’t
a fire hydrant within a certain number of feet. That is the practical answer. There is already a
built-in alternative.
The more lawyerly answer -
-by-day operation [ ] of the [municipal]
There is a whole statutory scheme on this and a body of caselaw that explains it. The example I
use often is police. The city can decide not to have a police department. That is no problem at
all. If someone gets hurt and sues the city saying a police department would have prevented it,
suit gets dismissed. City could just decide tomorrow that having the department is just a waste
of money and that it would rather focus on sidewalk repair. No problem. But once it does have
a police department, it must operate the department “non-negligently.” Here, the city is free to
decide that it wants to do a scheme that involves less fire hydrants. The decision would allow
for development and is backstopped by the sprinkler requirement. So, it is within the realm of
a reasonable policy decision. Now, if the city decides to have hydrants, there is some
burden. For example, if someone struck a hydrant with a vehicle and the city knew it was
broken, it would need to fix the hydrant. That is an “operational issue.” Otherwise, there
might be liability. But the decision to allow wells, would be at the policy level, not the
operational level. Thus, the city enjoys immunity.
There is one caveat – a very obvious one. I am not aware of a state law dictating number of fire
hydrants per capita or anything like that. I looked, and I highly doubt there is such a thing. We
can just double check that one more time.
Kody has a number of concerns he pointed out to me regarding wells in the city. They kind of
get into the engineering side of it – concerns that would likely be better addressed ultimately
by an engineer, but questions that should be asked. Alex has also been kicking this around
with us, so anyone feel free to chime in here.
Alex Foote – Staff Attorney
I agree with Sam. For a description of the general principals Sam described, I find the case
Barton v. City of Valdez, 504 P.3d 910 (Alaska 2022) illustrative (some excerpts are included
towards the end of this email).
35
I have not identified any statutory requirement for a specific number of hydrants per capita or
area. It appears Alaska law contains specific provisions generally precluding liability in such
situations. For instance, AS 09.65.070(c) limits liability for claims of negligence against
firefighters acting in their official capacity: “[a]n action may not be maintained against an
employee or member of a fire department operated and maintained by a municipality or village
if the claim is an action for tort or breach of a contractual duty and is based upon the act or
omission of the employee or member of the fire department in the execution of a function for
which the department is established.” In terms of liability for not providing hydrants in certain
areas, AS 09.65.070 appears to again limit claims for this type of decision:
“(d) An action for damages may not be brought against a municipality or any of its agents,
officers, or employees if the claim
(1) is based on a failure of the municipality, or its agents, officers, or employees, when the
municipality is neither owner nor lessee of the property involved,
(A) to inspect property for a violation of any statute, regulation, or ordinance, or a hazard to
health or safety;
(B) to discover a violation of any statute, regulation, or ordinance, or a hazard to health or
safety if an inspection of property is made; or
(C) to abate a violation of any statute, regulation, or ordinance, or a hazard to health or safety
discovered on property inspected;
(2) is based upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a
discretionary function or duty by a municipality or its agents, officers, or employees, whether or
not the discretion involved is abused; [or]
(3) is based upon the grant, issuance, refusal, suspension, delay, or denial of a license, permit,
appeal, approval, exception, variance, or other entitlement, or a rezoning…”
Additionally, while the following Alaska Supreme Court case has been criticized in intervening
years, it appears to remains good law, and is in accord with the statutory protections contained
in AS 09.65.070: City of Fairbanks v. Gilbertson, 16 Alaska 590, 1957 WL 3596 (Terr. Alaska
1957)(“A municipality is under no obligation to provide a fire department to protect the
property of its residents, and hence is not liable for… failure to provide adequate fire fighting
equipment, or failure to provide adequate water supply to extinguish fires”). From my
perspective, in the absence of a statutory requirement regarding the number, type, or location
of hydrants, the city would no more incur liability for deficiencies regarding same than a city
that chose not to post a police officer on every street-corner.
General Discussion of Discretionary Function Immunity from Barton v. City of Valdez, 504 P.3d
910 (Alaska 2022)
“[T]he dividing line between planning and operational decisions may often be hard to discern.”
Because “almost any act, even driving a nail, involves some ‘discretion’ ... decisions made while
36
implementing a planning decision are not necessarily unprotected operational decisions.” The
distinction “depends on the particular circumstances” of the case.”
“We recently applied this framework in Haight v. City & Borough of Juneau. In Haigh, ta
teenager died in a motorized watercraft accident on Auke Lake, which was managed in part by
the municipality. The teenager's mother sued the municipality, claiming that it negligently failed
to take measures to ensure the safe operation of motorized watercraft on the lake. The
municipality claimed that it was protected from suit by discretionary function immunity. We
agreed. We concluded that “not regulating lake safety was a planning decision protected by
discretionary function immunity” because it “involved basic policy considerations regarding
allocation of scarce resources and which uses to allow.” We also considered whether the
municipality had nevertheless assumed the duty to regulate lake safety. Observing that state
law did not require the municipality to regulate lake safety and that the municipality's own
ordinances and land use plans did not address lake safety, we concluded that the municipality
had not affirmatively assumed the duty to regulate. For that reason the municipality was
immune from liability for its lack of safety regulation at the lake: “Unless dictated by a plan or
regulation, the decision not to act is fundamentally discretionary, as are its consequences,
because scarce resources mean that not every possible course of action can be funded and
because of the threat of unpredictable and overwhelming liability.”
“We have held multiple times, for instance, that the State's decision to not install a guardrail is
one of policy. We similarly have found that decisions on whether to install sequential stop lights
or traffic safety devices were policy decisions and not operational ones. By contrast, once a
decision is made to abate a particular hazard, the decisions involved in implementing that
policy are typically deemed operational. In State v. Abbott we affirmed a decision that the State
was not entitled to immunity for inadequately sanding an icy curve despite a policy of
“work[ing] overtime if necessary to keep sharp curves well sanded.” We reasoned: Once the
initial policy determination is made to maintain the highway through the winter by salting,
sanding and plowing it, the individual district engineer's decisions as to how that decision
should be carried out in terms of men and machinery is made at the operational level; it merely
implements the basic policy decision.”
Kody George – Staff Attorney
I think Alex and Sam addressed the liability question well. My thoughts weigh in towards a
different question that follows: if the city were to allow wells, what kind of legal scheme should
be adopted? From Alex’s research, it is clear that liability can be incurred at the operational
level once the policy is decided, so building a good framework for the policy is key to preventing
liability once it’s adopted.
Some considerations from other entities’ well codes:
37
1. Many other well codes are housed in the “public health and safety” sections. What
public health implications could allowing wells introduce that should be addressed in
code?
a. Will the drawdown allow for saltwater intrusion on the City water system or freshwater
supply?
b. Are there any potential contaminants (Arsenic is a notable one) that the code would
need to require testing for?
c. Would the City require any periodic testing or proof of operation?
d. If taken to the extreme position (i.e. every property allowed to have a well installs a
well) would there be any water supply issues? Any other foreseeable issues?
e. Will the City require setbacks from septic systems or wastewater lines?
f. Fire safety has been addressed somewhat below. Additional question is if the City would
want to adopt any other/additional fire safety measures to protect against inability of
fire department to adequately fight fires?
2. Will allowing wells increase any other operational costs for the City? What are the
financial impacts now and ten years from now? Will those costs be adequately
recaptured through the code or permit charges?
3. To reasonably change this policy, does the City need any additional studies or
information such as a city wide water assessment?
4. Is there a way the City can shape either the code or permitting process to adequately
address all of its concerns so as to limit liability when it implements the changed policy?
These questions aren’t meant to be a deterrent if the City wants to change its policy. I’m asking
them now because these are the types of things we will want to know when we perform a
review of the ordinance at the end of the line so that the policy is well thought through and can
be shaped in a way to limit liability as Alex describes below.
38
3.3 Community Development
Our initial thought was to prefer allowances by lot size versus zoning district. Upon further
research, if the City goes this route, it might be better to view this in the realm of distance vs.
lot size.
Included in Section 2.7 is the Alaska DEC minimum separation distance required for wells. Our
recommendation is to adhere to these guidelines.
However, using these guidelines still leaves the question of how (if there is a desire to do so)
would the City handle the coordination between neighbors concerning where septic tanks and
wells are placed.
For example, you need 100 feet distance between your well and any septic tank. That may be
easy to do on one property, but if you put your septic tank within 100 feet of your property line,
then you are impacting where your neighbor can put a well. This problem isn’t solved with a
minimum lot size, and it becomes more challenging to coordinate with neighbors for small lots.
Language in Title 14 would be needed to address how the City would deal with those specific
situations.
39
Properties without reasonable access to City water and sewer
Context Map
Map 1 & 2
Map 3
Map 4 & 5
40
Properties without reasonable access to City water and sewer
Map 1
4.1 Maps of Properties without Utilities
41
Properties without reasonable access to City water and sewer
Map 2
4.1 Maps of Properties without Utilities
42
Properties without reasonable access to City water and sewer
Map 3
4.1 Maps of Properties without Utilities
43
Properties without reasonable access to City water and sewer
Map 4
4.1 Maps of Properties without Utilities
44
Properties without reasonable access to City water and sewer
Map 5
4.1 Maps of Properties without Utilities
45
46
$ 1,478,320.00
$ 1,258,660.00
$ 895,201.63
$ 213,179.51
$ 3,845,361.14
Lot ID Parcel ID Street Address
Lot Size
(Acres)
Lot Size % of
Total Project Water Service Sewer Service
Roadway
Service
Water
Improvements
Cost (Weighted)
Sewer
Improvements
Cost (Weighted)
Electrical
Improvements
Cost (Weighted)
Roadway
Improvements Cost
(Weighted)
Total Cost Per
Parcel
17 14531032 2505 Afognak Ave 0.82 4.32% X X X $63,902.08 $54,407.02 $9,214.93 $43,307.69 $170,831.72
18 14531033 2507 Afognak Ave 0.82 4.32% X X X $63,902.08 $54,407.02 $9,214.93 $43,307.69 $170,831.72
19 14531034 2509 Afognak Ave 0.82 4.32% X X X $63,902.08 $54,407.02 $9,214.93 $43,307.69 $170,831.72
20 14531035 2601 Afognak Ave 0.82 4.32% X X X $63,902.08 $54,407.02 $9,214.93 $43,307.69 $170,831.72
21 14531036 2607 Afognak Ave 1.41 7.43% X X X $109,880.40 $93,553.54 $15,845.18 $74,468.10 $293,747.22
CR 14503504 2505 Pine St 1.03 5.43% X X X $80,267.24 $68,340.53 $11,574.85 $54,398.68 $214,581.30
CQ1 14503506 103 Cottonwood St 0.48 2.53% X X X $37,406.09 $31,848.01 $5,394.10 $25,350.84 $99,999.05
CQ2 14503507 2511 Pine St 0.48 2.53% X X X $37,406.09 $31,848.01 $5,394.10 $25,350.84 $99,999.05
CD 14503607 2502 Pine St 0.49 2.58% X X X $38,185.39 $32,511.51 $5,506.48 $25,878.99 $102,082.37
CF1 14503609 203 Cottonwood St 0.48 2.53% X X X $37,406.09 $31,848.01 $5,394.10 $25,350.84 $99,999.05
CF2 14503610 207 Cottonwood St 0.48 2.53% X X X $37,406.09 $31,848.01 $5,394.10 $25,350.84 $99,999.05
CP1 14503107 102 Cottonwood St 0.48 2.53% X X X $37,406.09 $31,848.01 $5,394.10 $25,350.84 $99,999.05
CG2 14503208 206 Cottonwood St 0.48 2.53% X X X $37,406.09 $31,848.01 $5,394.10 $25,350.84 $99,999.05
CP2 14503108 106 Cottonwood St 0.48 2.53% X X X $37,406.09 $31,848.01 $5,394.10 $25,350.84 $99,999.05
CG1 14503207 202 Cottonwood St 0.48 2.53% X X X $37,406.09 $31,848.01 $5,394.10 $25,350.84 $99,999.05
CO 14503103 2605 Afognak Ave 1.03 5.43% X X X $80,267.24 $68,340.53 $11,574.85 $54,398.68 $214,581.30
CH 14503205 2605 Oak St 1.03 5.43% X X X $80,267.24 $68,340.53 $11,574.85 $54,398.68 $214,581.30
AX 14503308 2610 Oak St 1.01 5.32% X X X $78,708.66 $67,013.53 $11,350.10 $53,342.40 $210,414.68
AY 14503311 2611 MAPLE ST 1.01 5.32% X X $78,708.66 $67,013.53 $11,350.10 $0.00 $157,072.28
AZ 14503312 2607 Maple St 1.01 5.32% X X $78,708.66 $67,013.53 $11,350.10 $0.00 $157,072.28
BA 14503307 2608 Oak St 1.01 5.32% X X X $78,708.66 $67,013.53 $11,350.10 $53,342.40 $210,414.68
BC1 14503314 302 Cottonwood St 0.47 2.48% X X X $36,626.80 $31,184.51 $5,281.73 $24,822.70 $97,915.74
BC2 14503315 306 Cottonwood St 0.47 2.48% X X X $36,626.80 $31,184.51 $5,281.73 $24,822.70 $97,915.74
BD1 14503316 310 Cottonwood St 0.47 2.48% X X X $36,626.80 $31,184.51 $5,281.73 $24,822.70 $97,915.74
BD2 14503317 312 Cottonwood St 0.47 2.48% X X X $36,626.80 $31,184.51 $5,281.73 $24,822.70 $97,915.74
BE1 14503709 303 Cottonwood St 0.47 2.48% X X X $36,626.80 $31,184.51 $5,281.73 $24,822.70 $97,915.74
BE2 14503710 307 Cottonwood St 0.47 2.48% X X X $36,626.80 $31,184.51 $5,281.73 $24,822.70 $97,915.74
Total Cost of Improvements
Total Cost of Electrical Improvements
Total Cost of Roadway Improvements
FOREST ACRES SPECIAL IMPROVEMENTS DISTRICT - WATER & SEWER FEASIBILITY STUDY
COST APPORTIONMENT METHOD 2
CONCEPTUAL COST ESTIMATE
Total Cost of Water Improvements
Total Cost of Sewer Improvements
5.2 Forest Acres Utility Cost Breakdown
47
5.3 Forest Acres Plat Restricted Lots Map
48
5.4 Plat Note Removal Process:
The Borough ultimately will approve or deny a request to remove a plat note.
The Borough will look to the City of Seward Planning and Zoning Commission for
) for approval.
49
Kenai Peninsula Borough Planning Department
144 North Binkley Street
Soldotna, Alaska 99669-7520
Phone:907-714-2200
Toll Free within the Kenai Peninsula Borough: 1-800-478-4441, extension 2200
Fax:907-714-2378
Request to Remove a Plat Note Restriction
[ ] Name:
[ ] Address:
[ ] Phone:
[ ] Email:
[ ] Legal Description of Property for which the request to remove a plat note restriction is required*:
[ ] Justification for Requesting Removal of the Plat Note Restriction:
[ ] The recording fee is attached.
[ ] I will pay the recording fee after the Planning Commission takes action on my request.
The recording fee for the Planning Commission Resolution is separate from the plat note removal
application fee. Checks for the recording fee must be made payable to the Department of Natural
Resources. Planning staff is responsible for recording the Planning Commission resolution.
Property Owner’s/Owners’Signature(s) Date
*NOTE:All owners within the subdivision will be notified of the request to remove the plat note restriction.
Revised 9/19/12
50
022514 Revised
Request to Remove a Plat Note Restriction
General Procedures
1. A written request to remove a plat note restriction must be submitted to the
Planning Department. The request must contain a full legal description
(subdivision name, lot, and block number). All owners of the lot must sign the
request.
2. Planning staff will review the submittal for completeness and schedule the
request for Planning Commission review for the next available meeting.
Scheduling this request is dependent on the meeting cut-off schedule and
providing reasonable notice to the subdivision owners, applicable agencies,
and/or interested parties.
3. All owners within the subdivision will be notified of the proposed plat note
restriction removal.
4. If the Planning Commission approves removal of the plat note restriction, the
Planning Department will file a resolution granting the request with the
appropriate District Recorder.
5. The applicant(s) is/are responsible for submitting the application and recording
fees to the Planning Department.
6. The State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources sets the recording fee for
the resolution. The check for the recording fee is to be made payable to the
Alaska State Department of Natural Resources.
51
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
52
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
53
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
54
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
55
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
56
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
57
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
58
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
59
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
60
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
61
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
62
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
63
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
64
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
65
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
66
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
67
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
68
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
69
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
70
6.1 Rezone of Proposed LTC Facility
71
June 6, 2016
Groundwater Protection Stakeholder Workgroup: Water Wells
Alaska Best
Management
Practices
CONSTRUCTION OF NON-PUBLIC
WATER WELLS
Prepared by private and public stakeholders in conjunction
with the authorities of the Alaska Department of
Environmental Conservation, the Alaska Department of
Natural Resources, and the Alaska Water Well Association.
72
CONSTRUCTION OF NON-PUBLIC WELLS
ALASKA BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF NON-
PUBLIC WATER WELLS
Last modified: June 6, 2016 Page i
Foreword
Dear Reader,
shared natural resource. These Best Management Practices (BMPs) were designed for Alaskans
who use, provide access to, or otherwise have a vested interest in Al
and quantity, with the intent of protecting our shared resource through proper construction,
maintenance, and decommissioning of groundwater wells.
In 2012 the DEC began facilitating meetings with participation from representatives of different
stakeholder groups to identify and address issues and concerns related to groundwater protection
in Alaska. This stakeholder workgroup consisted of water well drillers, pump installers,
hydrologists, engineers, state agency (i.e., DEC and DNR) staff, public water system
owner/operators, water testing lab professionals, as well as private citizens. Meetings were held
on a roughly monthly basis during the relatively slow off season. Minutes and results from the
meetings were regularly shared with a broader group through email and a meeting web page.
The stakeholder workgroup thoughtfully developed BMPs over the course of approximately
BMPs are intended to be applied to the construction of all non-public water wells and the
maintenance or decommissioning of all wells and boreholes (public and non-public). The BMPs
balance protecting groundwater and public health with practices that are economically
sustainable and can be applied statewide. An additional outcome of the stakeholder workgroup
meetings was a web site containing information compiled from across the state and nation as it
relates to private drinking water wells, found at
http://dec.alaska.gov/eh/dw/DWP/DWP_PrivateWells.html.
The BMPs for maintaining or decommissioning all wells are intended to provide easy access to,
and clarify, methods as they apply to Alaska, by serving as an alternate DEC-approved method
as described in 18 AAC 80.
Adequate protection of our groundwater resources relies on Alaskans recognizing its importance
and can be accomplished through voluntary application of these BMPs.
Sincerely,
The Groundwater Protection and Water Wells Stakeholder Workgroup
73
CONSTRUCTION OF NON-PUBLIC WELLS
ALASKA BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF NON-
PUBLIC WATER WELLS
Last modified: June 6, 2016 Page ii
Table of Contents
1 PURPOSE .................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 DISCLAIMER .............................................................................................................................................. 1
3 SCOPE ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 UPDATES AND ALTERATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 1
5 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 1
6 WELL SITE SELECTION ................................................................................................................................ 1
7 BEST PRACTICES: CONSTRUCTION OF NON-PUBLIC WATER WELLS ............................................................. 2
8 BEST PRACTICES: INSTALLATION OF WATER PUMPS FOR NON-PUBLIC WATER WELLS ................................ 7
9 INITIAL WATER SAMPLING AND CORRECTIVE ACTIONS .............................................................................. 9
10 WELL DECOMMISSIONING ........................................................................................................................ 10
11 IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................................ 10
12 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 11
APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................................................... 12
A. DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
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1 Purpose
To provide best management practices that ensure non-public water system wells within the state
of Alaska are constructed and maintained in such a manner as to provide a safe supply of water
for domestic use and to protect the groundwater resource from contamination.
2 Disclaimer
Following these practices does not relieve the person responsible for the work from compliance
with any state, federal, or local authorizations which are required for your project. All necessary
authorizations/permits should be obtained before proceeding with the project.
3 Scope
These practices apply to construction of non-public water system wells used as sources of water,
and associated observation or test wells, within the state of Alaska, except for groundwater
monitoring wells that are installed, maintained, and decommissioned in accordance with a work
plan approved by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) Division of
Spill Prevention and Response or the ADEC Solid Waste Program. Water wells constructed
prior to the date of establishment of these Best Management Practices should not be reviewed
based on the omission of, or failure to perform or meet, any of the recommended practices
contained herein, unless at that time, those practices were stated and established in local or State
of Alaska regulations.
4 Updates and Alterations
Future changes to this document should be done after review and approval by a committee
(similar to the original Groundwater Protection and Water Wells Stakeholder Workgroup)
composed of representatives from the public, industry groundwater professionals, and
appropriate state agency staffs.
5 Definitions
The words, terms and phrases, used herein have the meanings given to them in for
ALASKA BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR MAINTAINING OR
DECOMMISSIONING WATER WELLS AND BOREHOLES and ALASKA BEST
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF NON-PUBLIC WATER
WELLS , except where the context clearly indicates a different meaning.
6 Well Site Selection
The location for the well should be considered prior to drilling in order to ensure adequate and
sustainable quantity and quality. Due diligence should be applied to ensure the following
considerations are taken into account:
A. The well should be located in order to discourage ponding of water and contaminants
near the well.
B. The well should be placed in an area that is not susceptible to damage from vehicles and
equipment.
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6 (Continued)
C. The well should be made visible from a close distance as to avoid damage and to be able
to readily identify maintenance issues.
D. Future access to the well by equipment needed for pump service or eventual well repair
or decommissioning should be considered in well site selection.
E. The minimum recommended separation distances between non-public water wells and
other specified facilities or areas are listed in Table 1, below. When distances differ from
federal, state, or local requirements, the greater distance should be used.
Table 1. Minimum Separation Distances
Potential Source of Contamination Minimum Separation Distance (feet)
Private sewer line (including cleanout) 25*
Curtain drain 25
Petroleum hydrocarbon storage tank 25*
Public sewer system trunk line 75*
Any other source of potential
contamination
75
Holding tank wastewater 75*
Septic disposal field 100*
Public sewer system manhole or cleanout 100*
Septic tank 100*
Animal containment areas 50
Manure/animal excreta storage areas 100
Outhouse or pit privy 100
*Distances well types in Table 6 of the ADEC
7 Best Practices: Construction of Non-Public Water Wells
The commercial drilling of a non-public water well and subsequent well rehabilitation,
redevelopment, or deepening operation should be performed by a well driller. Any well drilling
method used in the construction of a well should meet the following requirements:
A. The ground surface surrounding the well for at least ten (10) feet should be sloped or
contoured to allow surface waters and contaminants to drain away from the well.
B. The well driller should exercise care during excavation or drilling operation to prevent
contamination to any aquifer.
C. Drilling fluid may be used only if the fluid is composed of materials and additives which
are NSF/ANSI approved.
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7 (Continued)
D. Water used in the drilling process should be potable water, if reasonably available, or
water that will not result in a contaminated well.
E. Water wells drilled or driven in unconsolidated formations should be cased with non-
perforated pipe to a minimum of thirty (30) feet BGS, unless local areal experience has
demonstrated that there is no water or no water suitable for potable use at greater depths.
F. A well completed in unconsolidated formations should be constructed so water only
enters the well from a single producing zone.
G. Water wells that encounter bedrock shallower than twenty (20) feet BGS should be cased
to a minimum of thirty (30) feet BGS and grouted to a minimum of 30 feet BGS per
Section 7.K. The local areal experience exception from Section 7.E may apply for use of
shallow water.
H. Water wells that encounter bedrock at a depth greater than twenty (20) feet BGS and less
than forty (40) feet BGS, should be cased a minimum of ten (10) feet into the bedrock.
Where it is necessary to case bedrock, the cased borehole should be grouted in
accordance with Section 7.K. The local areal experience exception from Section 7.E may
apply for use of shallow water.
I. In bedrock wells that utilize liners, the outer casing should be grouted per Section 7.K.
The liner should have a formation packer set a minimum of ten (10) feet below the outer
casing drive shoe if it is less than forty (40) feet BGS. The annular space should be
grouted, using a high solids bentonite grout slurry (minimum twenty percent (20%) solids
content) or granules, up to a minimum of five (5) feet above the outer casing drive shoe.
J. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and the U.S. Department of Veteran s
Affairs (VA) well construction standards for homes they finance require a minimum of
forty (40) feet of well casing.
K.Grouting.Grouting the outer annular space is necessary to prevent shallow non-potable
groundwater or waters on the land surface from entering into a potable water aquifer. All
wells should be grouted with bentonite grout slurry or granules as follows:
1. Using the dry grout method, from the pitless adapter level to at least ten (10) feet
below the pitless adapter or, from the surface to a minimum twenty (20) feet BGS.
2. For drive-point water wells, grouting should be done using the dry grout method.
3. If bedrock is encountered as described in Sections 7.G through 7.I, the following
grouting procedures should be followed:
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7.K.3 (Continued)
a. The permanent well casing should be grouted from the bottom of the
borehole up using a high solids bentonite grout slurry (minimum twenty
percent (20%) solids content) or granules. The oversized borehole should
be stabilized to eliminate caving and sloughing.
b. If the permanent casing is used as a tremie to place the grout by circulating
from the bottom up, a minimum one (1) inch annular space from the
bottom of the borehole to surface should be used if possible.
c. If a temporary casing is used to stabilize the oversized borehole, it should
be removed upon completion of grouting procedures.
L.Well casing.All casing should be installed with materials in new or like-new condition,
free of pits or breaks.
1. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) casing should
be NSF/ANSI approved.
2. Drive-point water wells should be constructed with steel pipe per Table 2, below.
3. The minimum wall thickness listed in Table 2, below, should be used, and all
casing greater than the nominal size of eight (8) inches should have a minimum
wall thickness of at least 0.250 inches:
Table 2. Minimum Well Casing Dimensions
Material
Nominal Size:
Inside Diameter,
I.D., Inches
Outside
Diameter,
O.D., Inches
Wall
Thickness,
Inches
Rating
Steel
1-1/4 (drive pipe)1.66 0.140 Schedule 40
2 (drive pipe)2.375 0.154 Schedule 40
4 4.5 0.237 Schedule 40
5 (casing)5.563 0.237 Schedule 40
5 (liner)5.563 0.188 Schedule 20
6 0.250 Schedule 30
8 0.250 Schedule 20
PVC 4 4.5 0.248 Schedule 40
HDPE 4 4.5 0.265 125 psi
4.Joints.All casing joints should be screw-coupled, welded, or glued, and should be
watertight.
a. Welded joints should be at least as thick as the thickness of the well casing
and should consist of a minimum of two (2) welding passes.
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7.L.4 (Continued)
b. All glue bonding materials should be NSF/ANSI approved.
5.Well casing stick up.All well casing should extend a minimum of two (2) feet
above the finished grade, with the ground sloped to drain away from the casing if
possible, unless local conditions suggest a different height, less or greater but at
least one (1) foot above finished grade, to protect the well from freezing or
flooding.
6.Perforating or slotting.Perforating or slotting of the casing utilized for the
purpose of allowing water to enter the well from producing zones encountered
above the bottom of the casing should not extend higher than thirty (30) feet BGS.
The local areal experience exception from Section 7.E may apply for use of
shallow water.
7.Drive shoe.When the casing is driven or otherwise forced into the borehole, the
bottom of the casing should be protected from damage by the use of a drive shoe.
M.Well screen. Where geologic conditions are such that the well must be completed to draw
from a sandy aquifer, or where greater water production is desired, installation of a well
screen should be considered to control sand pumping by the production well pump. The
commercial installation of well accessories should be performed by a well driller or pump
installer and includes the following:
1. Premium quality well screens should consist of v-wire wrapped, welded
construction, of stainless steel or plastic.
2. An accessory consisting of slotted PVC, HDPE, or steel pipe may be adequate.
3. The well screen assembly should include a minimum of two (2) feet of equivalent
sized riser pipe topped with an appropriate well packer and having a closed
bottom.
4. The slot or opening size should be selected to hold back at least the largest 30% to
50% of the aquifer grains, depending on the size uniformity of the aquifer grains.
5. Where formation material is extremely fine too fine for a well screen commonly
used in Alaska, a pre-packed well screen or filter pack completion may be
necessary. Those options are best utilized under the guidance of a groundwater
professional.
6. Drive-point water wells should consist of stainless steel wire-wrapped
construction and should be installed in locations as described in Section 6.
N.Well disinfection.Wells should be disinfected as follows:
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7.N (Continued)
1.New, rehabilitated, or deepened wells.Immediately after completion of drilling,
rehabilitating, deepening, or servicing a well, the well should be disinfected.
After the well is flushed of drill cuttings, apply a chlorine compound proportioned
to provide a concentration of at least fifty (50) parts per million (ppm) as free
chlorine to the entire volume of water in the well and borehole. The chlorine
should be introduced into the well in a manner which should distribute it
throughout the entire water depth. Allow the chlorinated water to remain in the
well undisturbed for at least six (6) hours.
2.Hydrofractured well fracturing or redeveloped wells.While
redeveloping or hydrofracturing wells, and when possible, a free chlorine residual
in the well of at least five (5) ppm should be maintained.
3.Flushing. After the required disinfection time has elapsed, the well should be
flushed of all chlorinated water before being placed into service.
O.Well seal.If no further work is to be done on the well, the top of the casing should be
closed with a sanitary well cap or watertight well seal of a type approved by the State and
NSF/ANSI.
P.Well identification. All wells should be labeled with a durable form of construction
information upon completion. The construction information source should be secured to
the well casing and contain the following information:
1. The name of the well driller, pump installer, and business affiliations;
2. The date the well was completed;
3. The total well depth;
4. The total depth of casing;
5. The location and type of well completion;
6. Static water level (SWL) below the top of the casing;
7. Well yield; and
8. Height of casing above finished grade.
Q.Well log (Record of Construction) and as-built.The well driller should provide a well log
to the owner within thirty (30) days of completion of the well. The well log is an
important record that should be carefully filed and kept with other important property
documents. To assist, a form is available from the Alaska Department of Natural
Resources (ADNR),http://dnr.alaska.gov/, 907-269-8400. The well log should include at
least the following pertinent information:
1.
2. Drilling fluid/circulation method;
3. The legal description and street address;
4. The method of drilling (rotary, cable tool, etc.);
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7.Q (Continued)
5. A description, relative depth, and thickness of each formation layer penetrated
from the ground surface to total borehole depth;
6. The relative depth and thickness of each water bearing formation layer (aquifer)
penetrated;
7. The total depth drilled;
8. Grout depth and description;
9. The length, diameter, wall thickness and type of casing used;
10. A description of the liner (if used) and the length and setting depth;
11. The depth and number of well perforations, (if any) in the casing and/or liner;
12. The type and location of any well screens used;
13. The SWL and drawdown (DD) level;
14. Well development method;
15. The well yield test data and results, including the method of testing;
16. Anticipated use;
17. The dates of commencement and completion of drilling operations;
18. The name and address of the well driller; and
19. A description of the method of disinfection process used upon completion of the
well.
8 Best Practices: Installation of Water Pumps for Non-Public Water Wells
A.Pitless adapters.Pitless adapters should be installed by a pump installer, a well driller or
by an excavator under the supervision of a pump installer or well driller. The burial
depth and type of pitless adapter installed should be recorded on the pump install log.
When installed, pitless adapters should be one of the types approved by NSF/ANSI.
B.Well seal.The top of the casing should be closed with a sanitary well cap or watertight
well seal of a type approved by the State and NSF/ANSI.
C.Pump (aka well pump). The pump intake should be located beneath the maximum
anticipated water pumping level at the maximum desired pumping rate and the pump
should be sized to meet the maximum desired pumping rate and total dynamic head
requirement of the water system.
1. If well capability does not meet the maximum desired pumping rate (which
usually occurs during the peak water demand periods of 6:00 AM to 8:00 AM and
6:00 PM to 8:00 PM), additional water storage facilities and/or water use
reduction measures should be considered.
D.Riser pipe.It should be made of galvanized steel, PVC or HDPE.
E.Well cable.It should be rated for water submersion and sized to safely accommodate the
voltage, current flow, and distance from the pump motor to the power source.
Submersible well cable is not suitable for underground burial.
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8 (Continued)
F.Well yield testing.Upon completion of a well, if the estimated producing rate assessed
during drilling appears to be less than three (3) gallons per minute (GPM), a well yield
test of adequate duration should be performed to verify the estimated long-term capacity,
taking into account possible fluctuations due to seasonal differences or by other causes.
The test should be performed by, or under the direction of, a groundwater professional
using one or more of the following practices and by recording the following data
measurements:
1. Bailing, air lift, submersible pumping, or recovery rate measurement procedures.
2. Record accurate measurements of the following:
a. Well production or pumping rate (in GPM);
b. SWL;
c. Pumping water level or DD from SWL;
d. Duration of pumping (elapsed time);
e. Recovery rate; and
f. Any other information useful in determining the estimated producing rate.
3. If at the time of the well yield test, the minimum estimated producing rate and/or
recovery rate of a well is less than one-hundred and fifty (150) gallons per day
(GPD) per bedroom of the household to be supplied, water storage facilities
should be considered. If the non-public water well is to be used for purposes
other than domestic
determine the adequacy of the well for its intended use.
G.Pump work.Upon completion of pump installation work, a chlorine compound
proportioned to provide a concentration of at least fifty (50) ppm as free chlorine to the
entire volume of water in the well and borehole should be applied. After chlorine is
introduced, water should be circulated in the well so it reaches all parts of the pump
equipment, inside and out. The chlorinated water should remain in the well for at least
six (6) hours.
H.Flushing. After the required disinfection time has expired, the well should be flushed of
all chlorinated water before being placed into service.
I.Pump install log (Record of Commissioning).The pump install log is an important record
that should be carefully filed and kept with other important household documents. The
pump installer or well driller should provide a pump install log to the owner within thirty
(30) days of completion of the installation of a pump into a water well. The pump install
log should include at least the following pertinent information:
1.
2. The legal description and street address of the property;
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8.I (Continued)
3. The date of the pump installation;
4.pump installed;
5. The depth from the top of casing that the pump is installed;
6. The name and address of the pump installer, well driller or excavator; and
7. A description of the method of disinfection used.
9 Initial Water Sampling and Corrective Actions
Water samples should be collected from the well and analyzed in order to establish baseline
water quality as well as to identify potential water quality issues prior to putting the well into
service. Sampling should be done by, or under the guidance of, a groundwater professional
using a water testing State-certified laboratory.
A.Water quality testing.Drinking water from the well should be properly sampled and
subsequently analyzed for levels of total coliform, other bacteria, arsenic and nitrates.
The levels of total coliform and other bacteria should conform to drinking water limits
established in Alaska Administrative Code 18 AAC 80. For other contaminants,
including arsenic and nitrates, the groundwater professional should use the current United
States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) public drinking water standards as a
guideline to trigger actions deemed necessary to protect public health.
B.Water quality standards.Water used for domestic purposes should not contain
concentrations exceeding the following ratios:
1. Total coliform 0 colonies per 100 milliliters (mL).
2. Other bacteria 10 colonies per 100 mL.
3. Nitrates 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L)
4. Arsenic 0.010 mg/L (10 micrograms per liter, g/L)
C. If sampling results show the nitrate concentration in the well water greater than 10.0
mg/L, the following steps should be taken:
1. A visual inspection of the well and borehole, using a down-hole camera,
performed by a groundwater professional should be used to evaluate the integrity
of the casing and if the well is cased, without well perforations, to the total well
depth or depth of obstruction.
2. An evaluation of the sanitary ground seal in the annular space around the well
casing should be performed by a groundwater professional.
3. If producing zones with greater than 10.0 mg/L nitrates are found below the well
casing and there are also other producing zones with less than 10.0 mg/L nitrates,
the well should be retrofitted to eliminate cross-connection between the producing
zones.
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9.C (Continued)
4. If the well casing or sanitary ground seal in the annular space around the well
casing is determined to be inadequate or unsatisfactory, or if cross-connections
between producing zones are found, the well should be repaired or modified to
meet current well construction practices or the well should be decommissioned in
ALASKA BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR
MAINTAINING OR DECOMMISSIONING WATER WELLS AND
BOREHOLES
10 Well Decommissioning
Wells should be decommissioned ALASKA BEST MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES FOR MAINTAINING OR DECOMMISSIONING WATER WELLS AND
BOREHOLES
11 Important Considerations
I aquifers and drinking water, it is highly
recommended any action taken to construct a well follow the best management practices laid out
in this document. If you reside in a municipality, borough, or other organized area, please check
with your local government for any additional guidance, regulations, or requirements.
A. Do not place, or allow the placement of, any refuse, trash, waste, or contaminated or
hazardous substance into any existing or abandoned well or water source, and deter
others from doing the same.
B. The location of a well, on-site wastewater disposal system or subsurface drain, either
separately or in combination with each other and other wells, on-site wastewater disposal
systems or subsurface drains in the vicinity, should not have the effect of prohibiting
future use of an adjacent lot or parcel. To ensure that the well is properly located with
respect to the surrounding land owners, prior to installation of a well, obtain an
agreement and necessary easements with the owner(s) of any affected adjoining property
for the sharing of a well or other possible and unforeseeable problems. The agreement
should be recorded and carefully filed and kept with other important household
documents.
C. Do not cause or allow the construction, installation or use of a cross-connection between
a public water system and a non-public water system well, be it active, abandoned, or
improperly decommissioned.
D. Well pits should not be used in new construction in order to avoid the possibility of
flooding and inadvertently contaminating the aquifer. It is important that existing well
pits be properly maintained and have adequate protection against flooding.
E. Free-flowing wells of any kind, whether by surface or underground discharge, cause
water to be wasted and should be avoided and/or remediated. A high priority should be
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11.E (Continued)
placed on addressing and resolving any problem with free-flowing wells under the
guidance of a groundwater professional experienced in the remedy of such conditions.
12 References (the most recent version should be referenced)
Alaska Administrative Code 11 AAC 93, Water Management.
Alaska Administrative Code 18 AAC 80, Drinking Water.
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC), Division of Spill Prevention and
Response, Contaminated Sites Program, Monitoring Well Guidance.
Alaska Statute, 46.15 Water Use Act.
ANSI/AWWA A100, Water Wells, and Appendix to ANSI/AWWA Standard A100
(Decommissioning of Test Holes, Partially Completed Wells, and Abandoned Completed Wells).
Great Lakes Upper Mississippi River Board (GLUMRB) of State and Provincial Public Health
and Environmental Managers, Ten States Standards, Recommended Standards for Water Works.
Municipality of Anchorage (MOA), Water and Wastewater System Codes, Chapter 15.55 Water
Wells.
National Ground Water Association (NGWA), May 2014, ANSI/NGWA-01-14, Water Well
Construction Standard.
Private Drinking Water Wells & Systems,
http://dec.alaska.gov/eh/dw/DWP/DWP_PrivateWells.html, web site hosted by Alaska
Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC).
Sterrett, Robert. J., 2007, Groundwater and Wells, 3rd ed., Johnson Screens, New Brighton,
Minnesota, 812 pp.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT (HUD), Home
Ownership Center (HOC),Appraisal & Property Requirements, Water Systems.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS (VA), Minimum Property Requirements
(MPRs), Water Supply and Sanitation Facilities.
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Appendix
A. Definitions
NON-
86
BMP DEFINITIONS
Definitions for
“ALASKA BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR MAINTAINING OR
DECOMMISSIONING WATER WELLS AND BOREHOLES”
and
“ALASKA BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF NON-
PUBLIC WATER WELLS”
Last modified: May 26, 2016 Page A-1 of 12
1 Purpose
To provide definitions to words, terms, and phrases used in the best management practices in
which this document is referenced.
2 Updates and Alterations
Future changes to this document should be done after review and approval by a committee
(similar to the original Groundwater Protection and Water Wells Stakeholder Workgroup)
composed of representatives from the public, industry groundwater professionals, and
appropriate state agency staffs.
3 Definitions
The following words, terms, and phrases have the meanings given to them in this document,
except where the context clearly indicates a different meaning.
AAC—Alaska Administrative Code.
Abandoned—a water well or borehole whose use has been discontinued and that has not been
properly decommissioned or maintained in accordance with “Alaska Best Management Practices
for Maintaining or Decommissioning Water Wells and Boreholes.”
ADEC—Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation.
ADNR—Alaska Department of Natural Resources.
Air lift (“airlift”)—the use of compressed air to remove (lift) a fluid or material from a borehole
or excavation.
Animal containment area—any outdoor enclosure or group of enclosures containing one (1) or
more horse, mule, cow, lama, or similar sized animal; four (4) or more dogs, sheep, goats, or
swine, or similar sized animals; ten (10) or more rabbits, fowl, ferrets, or other domesticated
small animals.
Annular space (“annulus”)—the void space between the outside of the well casing and the side
wall of the drilled borehole, between two casings or between a casing and a liner.
Annulus (“annular space”)—the void space between the outside of the well casing and the side
wall of the drilled borehole, between two casings or between a casing and a liner.
ANSI—American National Standards Institute.
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BMP DEFINITIONS
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Arsenic—a metallic element (heavy metal) that even at low levels over a relatively long period
of time can have long-term (chronic) health effects. Arsenic occurs naturally in rocks and soil,
but other sources may be from industrial and agricultural uses.
ASTM—American Society for Testing and Materials.
Aquifer—a formation, a group of formations, or part of a formation that is sufficiently saturated
and permeable to yield significant quantities of water to wells and springs.
Aquifer—unconfined (“unconfined aquifer”)—a condition of the aquifer in which atmospheric
pressure is freely communicated to the aquifer and where the aquifer has no upper confining
layer. The static water level within the aquifer is at atmospheric pressure and does not rise above
the aquifer’s upper limit.
Aquifer—unconsolidated (“unconsolidated aquifer”)—a type of aquifer that is primarily
composed of loose grains of sediment (e.g., silt, sand, gravel, or combinations).
Aquifer—confined (“artesian”)—a condition of the aquifer in which it is isolated from the
atmosphere by a confining layer or group of confining layers. The static water level in a
confined aquifer is generally subject to pressure greater than atmospheric and rises to a level
above the aquifer’s upper limit.
Aquifer—consolidated (“bedrock”)—a type of aquifer that is primarily composed of solidified
groups of grains of sediment (e.g., siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate, or combinations), or solid
crystalline rock with fractures, cracks, or voids (e.g., limestone, volcanic rock, etc.).
Aquitard (“confining layer”)—a layer in the subsurface that may store water but is not
permeable, which may include permafrost; and therefore, does not yield water to a well or
spring.
Artesian—a confined aquifer condition in which the static water level in a well or borehole is
above the aquifer’s upper limit; to be differentiated from flowing artesian (see definition for
“flowing artesian”).
Bacteria (singular: bacterium)—a microorganism that comes in a variety of shapes. Some
bacteria in drinking water can cause short-term (acute) health effects. See also definitions for
“coliform bacteria”, “fecal coliform”, and “total coliform”.
Bailing—the use of a cylindrical pipe device (with a bottom valve) suspended on a line to
remove fluid or material from a borehole or excavation.
Bentonite—a naturally occurring montmorillonite aluminum silicate clay. As a commercial
product bentonite comes in the form of powder, granules (8- to 20-mesh size), chips (¼ inch to ¾
inch size), or pellets (¼ inch to ½ inch size) approved by NSF/ANSI for use as grout in water
wells.
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Bentonite grout slurry—a high-solids mixture of bentonite particles and water with a consistency
of 18 percent to 30 percent solids.
Best Management Practices—Those practices proven effective through research and field
applications in Alaska.
BGS—below ground surface; “BLS” is also used, which means “below land surface.”
BMP—Best Management Practice.
Borehole (“wellbore”)—a hole bored into the ground and intended to be constructed for
extraction of water, for water exploration, for cathodic protection, for geotechnical holes and
wells, or for a ground source heat pump installation.
Bridge-free—the manner by which sealing materials are placed in a well or borehole, such that
individual particles are allowed to settle to the full intended depth without prematurely clumping
or sticking.
Casing (“pipe”)—pipe made of material herein specified as ASTM A-53 Grade B (ASTM A-
53B) steel or NSF/ANSI approved PVC or HDPE installed in a well borehole to prevent sidewall
caving, to provide access to an aquifer, and to provide protection from up-hole or surface
contamination of the aquifer.
Caving (“sloughing”)—to fall or collapse into a borehole.
Certified laboratory—a laboratory certified by the State of Alaska.
Coliform bacteria—a set of bacteria that are found in the digestive systems of warm-blooded
animals, in soil, on plants, and in surface water. Some coliform bacteria in drinking water can
cause short-term (acute) health effects. See also definitions for “bacteria”, “fecal coliform”, and
“total coliform”.
Confined aquifer (“aquifer—confined”; “artesian”)—a condition of the aquifer in which it is
isolated from the atmosphere by a confining layer or group of confining layers. The static water
level in a confined aquifer is generally subject to pressure greater than atmospheric and rises to a
level above the aquifer’s upper limit.
Confining layer (“aquitard”)—a layer in the subsurface that may store water but is not
permeable, which may include permafrost; and therefore, does not yield water to a well or
spring.
Consolidated aquifer (“aquifer—consolidated”; “bedrock”)—a type of aquifer that is primarily
composed of solidified groups of grains of sediment (e.g., siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate, or
combinations), or solid crystalline rock with fractures, cracks, or voids (e.g., limestone, volcanic
rock, etc.).
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BMP DEFINITIONS
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Contaminant—a physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or material in water
that, in sufficient quantity, makes water unfit for human consumption.
Contamination—the presence of a contaminant, or group of contaminants.
Cross-connection—joining of two or more zones, areas, or systems.
Cross-contamination—a cross-connection with a contaminated substance.
Cuttings (“drill cuttings”)—the loose material derived from the original (in place) material by the
drilling process.
DD—drawdown.
Decommission—to fill or plug a well so that it is rendered unproductive and does not produce
water or serve as a channel for water movement or for the movement of contaminants.
Discharge—a release, emission, or pouring forth of fluid or material.
Disinfection—a process that inactivates pathogenic organisms in water by chemical oxidants or
equivalent agents.
Domestic use—water not used for a public water system.
Drawdown (DD)—the distance between the static water level and the pumping water level in a
well or an aquifer; will vary with the pumping rate.
Drill cuttings (“cuttings”)—the loose material derived from the original (in place) material by the
drilling process.
Drilling fluid—a freshwater or air based liquid used during the drilling operation to circulate
materials (cuttings) from the borehole.
Drive-point (also called “sand-point”; “well-point”) water well—a shallow (usually less than 50
feet deep) small-diameter water well (1-1/4-inch to 2-inch nominal inside diameter) consisting of
coupling-connected pipe fitted with a perforated or screened section and a steel point at the end,
and driven into the ground.
Drive shoe—a forged or tempered steel collar with a cutting edge, attached to the lower end of a
casing string by threading or welding, to protect the bottom end of the casing as it is driven,
rotated, or otherwise forced into the borehole.
Dry grout method—the method of grouting the annular space outside of the casing by keeping
bentonite granules (NSF/ANSI approved) pooled around the casing in a cone-shaped depression
so they follow the casing as it is driven.
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BMP DEFINITIONS
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Engineer (“groundwater professional”)—a licensed professional civil, mechanical, or
environmental engineer registered pursuant to Alaska Statue 8.08. Considered here as a
“groundwater professional” when has demonstrated work experience and/or educational
background in groundwater issues and construction.
EPA (“USEPA”)—United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Fecal coliform—a type of coliform bacteria included in total coliform that originates in feces
from warm-blooded animals. Some fecal coliform in drinking water can cause short-term (acute)
health effects, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), and may also be an indicator of the presence of
other pathogens. See also definitions for “bacteria”, “coliform bacteria”, and “total coliform”.
FHA—Federal Housing Administration.
Filter pack (“sand pack”; “gravel pack”)—the development of a well by the addition of sand or
gravel, in the annulus outside of a well screen or a slotted liner, to stop or slow the production of
finer material from the aquifer and/or to improve the well production by allowing the use of a
larger screen or liner slot size; sometimes placed inside the well casing or liner to stop or slow
the production of finer material from the aquifer.
Flowing artesian—a confined aquifer condition in which the static water level in a well or
borehole is above the ground surface or the top of well casing; to be differentiated from an
artesian condition that is not flowing (see definition for “artesian”).
Formation—a layer, or group of layers, of sediment or rock within the subsurface that can be
unconsolidated, consolidated, or a combination.
Formation packer—a device which prevents water flow within the annular space between the
surrounding formation and the well casing or liner.
Free chlorine—a chlorine by itself; as a separate element; not bound with other elements in a
compound.
Free chlorine residual—that chlorine remaining after part of the original amount has been
removed by the process.
GPD—gallons per day.
GPH—gallons per hour.
GPM—gallons per minute.
Gravel pack (“filter pack”)—a type of filter pack.
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BMP DEFINITIONS
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Groundwater—any water, except capillary moisture, beneath the land surface or beneath the bed
of a stream, lake, reservoir, or other body of surface water, regardless of the formation in which
the water stands, flows, percolates, or otherwise moves.
Groundwater professional—well drillers, pump installers, hydrogeologists, geologists, and
engineers with demonstrated work experience and/or educational background in groundwater
issues and water well construction.
Grout—a stable bentonite clay material that is NSF/ANSI approved, in a slurry or granular form
impervious to and capable of preventing the vertical movement or migration of water.
Grouting or grouted—the act of installing grout.
Hazardous substance—those substances that, because of quantity, concentration, or
physical/chemical/infectious characteristics, may pose a threat to human health or to the
environment when treated, handled, stored and transported, and/or disposed of. Hazardous
substances include those defined as hazardous under federal, state and municipal laws.
Holding tank—a watertight covered receptacle designed and built to receive and store domestic
wastewater for disposal at another location.
Human consumption—the use of water for drinking, bathing, showering, cooking, dishwashing,
maintaining oral hygiene, and other similar uses.
Hydrogeologist (“groundwater professional”)—a professional geologist, certified and licensed
by the State of Alaska pursuant to Alaska Statute 08.02.011, who practices groundwater science.
Intake—opening in a well or pump into which water enters or is drawn.
Liner—casing, of a smaller size, installed inside another casing; may be slotted or perforated
adjacent to the water producing zone(s).
Manure/animal excreta—solid waste from domesticated animals, and for the purposes of these
practices, shall also mean bedding or other materials contaminated by animal liquid or solid
wastes.
Manure/animal excreta storage area—any area where such material is being stored, temporarily
or permanently, or being composted.
Microorganism (“microbe”)—a small (often microscopic) life form such as bacteria, algae,
diatoms, parasites, plankton, and fungi. Some may cause disease.
Monitoring well (“observation well”)—an existing or abandoned water well, or a newly cased
excavation or opening into the ground constructed by digging, boring, drilling, driving, jetting or
other methods for the purpose of determining the physical, chemical, biological, or radiological
properties of groundwater.
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Nitrate—a chemical compound that, for very young children, taking in high levels in drinking
water over a relatively short period of time can cause serious health effects. Sources of nitrates
may be natural, but may also include fertilizers, animal feed lots, manures, sewage, septic
systems, industrial wastewater, sanitary landfills, and garbage dumps.
Non-public water [system] well—a water well that does not meet the definition given for a
“public water system well”. This includes wells used for the following purposes: private or
domestic water supply; livestock or irrigation; recreational purposes; ground source heat pump
return, injection, or vertical loops; industrial process water, or machine or process cooling water;
dewatering wells; or dam or levee relief wells.
NSF—National Sanitation Foundation.
Observation well (“monitoring well”)—an existing or abandoned water well, or a newly cased
excavation or opening into the ground constructed by digging, boring, drilling, driving, jetting or
other methods for the purpose of determining the physical, chemical, biological, or radiological
properties of groundwater.
On-site wastewater disposal system—any wastewater storage, treatment, or disposal system that
serves a facility located on a lot which is not connected to a public sewer.
Pathogen—an infectious biological agent, such as a virus or bacterium, that causes disease or
illness.
PPM—parts per million.
Pipe (“casing”)—the steel pipe made of material herein specified as ASTM A-53 Grade B
(ASTM A-53B) and NSF/ANSI approved PVC or HDPE installed in a well borehole to prevent
sidewall caving, to provide access to an aquifer, and to provide protection from up-hole or
surface contamination of the aquifer.
Pitless adapter—an NSF/ANSI approved device attached to the well casing, constructed to
permit the flow of water from the well casing.
Permafrost—a thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year.
Permeable—describes the ability for fluids to pass through an aquifer or soils.
Permeability—a measure of a rock or soil’s ability to transmit fluid which is a function of
porosity, surface area and tortuosity or connectedness of pore space(s).
Potable water—water suitable for human consumption.
Producing zone (“water zone”)—the zone of the aquifer that yields water to the well, and is an
interval which is usually open to the aquifer (e.g., uncased, screened, perforated, slotted, etc.).
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BMP DEFINITIONS
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Production (producing) rate—the volume per unit of time (usually GPM) at which a water well
gives/yields/produces water.
Protective well radius (“setback”; “separation distance”)—a set of prescribed horizontal
distances around a water well in which there should be no potential sources of contamination;
separation distances may vary depending on the potential source of contamination.
Public sewer system—a sewer system as defined in Alaska Statute 46.03.900, and operated by a
public utility as defined in Alaska Statute 42.05.990.
Public water system (PWS)—a water system as defined by ADEC regulations 18 AAC 80, and
does not include a private or domestic (non-public) water system.
Public water system (PWS) well—a water well constructed for the purpose of providing water to
a “public water system”.
Pump (“well pump”)—a mechanical device used to recover water from a well or water collection
system.
Pump install log (“Record of Commissioning”)—a written report or completed form showing all
pertinent information and data on pump installation, replacement, repair, or service as specified
herein; see ADNR for suggested format.
Pump installer (“groundwater professional”)—a contractor, licensed as a construction contractor
pursuant to Alaska Statues, or an employee thereof, who works on well pump installation and
service; may also be a well driller. Considered here as a “groundwater professional” when has
demonstrated work experience and/or educational background in groundwater issues and
construction.
Record of Decommissioning (“well decommissioning log”)—a written report or completed form
showing all pertinent information and data on the decommissioning of the well or borehole as
specified herein; see ADNR for suggested format.
Record of Commissioning (“pump install log”)—a written report or completed form showing all
pertinent information and data on pump installation, replacement, repair, or service as specified
herein; see ADNR for suggested format.
Record of Construction (“well log”)—a written report or completed form showing pertinent
information and data relative to the drilling and completion of the well as specified herein; see
ADNR for suggested format.
Recovery—the ability of the water in a well to return to its static level after being drawn down
during a period of pumping.
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Riser (“riser pipe”)—the pipe extending from the well pump to the point of discharge from the
well casing.
Sand pack (“filter pack”)—a type of filter pack.
Sand pumping—the movement of sand from a formation into the wellbore during water
production/flow or well development.
Sanitary ground seal—a subsurface grout seal between the well casing and the borehole wall or
surrounding material.
Sanitary well cap (“well seal”)—a securely fastened and vented well cap with a gasket, attached
to the top of a well casing or pipe sleeve, that prevents insects, dirt, or incidental water or other
liquid from entering the well under normal conditions, that allows air to flow in and out of the
well, and that is NSF/ANSI approved.
Sealing or sealed—the act of providing a watertight seal between the casing and the borehole, or
surrounding material, by means of installing an impervious grout material.
Septic disposal field—an absorption bed, deep or shallow absorption trench, seepage pit, or
mound system.
Septic tank—the water tight receptacle designed to receive domestic wastewater and allow the
clarified liquids to be discharged into a subsurface soil absorption system.
Separation distance (“setback”; “protective well radius”)—a set of prescribed horizontal
distances around a water well in which there should be no potential sources of contamination;
separation distances may vary depending on the potential source of contamination.
Setback (“separation distance”; “protective well radius”)—a set of prescribed horizontal
distances around a water well in which there should be no potential sources of contamination;
separation distances may vary depending on the potential source of contamination.
Sloughing (“caving”)—to fall or collapse into a borehole.
Static water level (SWL)—the level relative to a measuring point (i.e. the top of well casing or
ground surface) at which the water stands in or above the well when no pumping or flow is
occurring, or has recently occurred.
Stick up—the portion of a well’s casing extending above the surface of the ground or floor.
Submersible pump—a complete well pump and motor assembly placed under the water level to
pump water up the well to the discharge point.
Surface water—any persistent natural or man-made source of water that is not directly
attributable to a single rainfall or snowmelt event. Surface waters include all lakes, ponds,
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BMP DEFINITIONS
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streams, springs, intermittent or seasonal flows, natural and artificial bodies of water and all of
the water of the State of Alaska as defined in Alaska Statue 46.03.900.
SWL—static water level.
Test well—a well constructed for the purpose of testing the viability of an aquifer, such as yield,
specific capacity, and quality, to be used for water supply. A test well may be converted to a
water well.
TOC—top of casing.
Total coliform—a measure of the presence of coliform bacteria that is used as an indicator of the
possible presence of harmful coliform bacteria, such as fecal coliform. See also definitions for
“bacteria”, “coliform bacteria”, and “fecal coliform”.
Total dynamic head—the head (pressure) produced by a well pump usually described in feet.
Tremie—
1. (noun) A three-part equipment assemblage consisting of a hopper, pipe, and lifting
apparatus used for the purpose of installing material such as filter pack, backfill, or grout
into an excavated space, borehole, well, or annular space;
2. (verb) To install material through a tremie pipe.
Unconfined aquifer (“aquifer—unconfined”)—a condition of the aquifer in which atmospheric
pressure is freely communicated to the aquifer and where the aquifer has no upper confining
layer. The static water level within the aquifer is at atmospheric pressure and does not rise above
the aquifer’s upper limit.
Unconsolidated aquifer (“aquifer—unconsolidated”)—a type of aquifer that is primarily
composed of loose grains of sediment (e.g., silt, sand, gravel, or combinations).
USEPA (“EPA”)—United States Environmental Protection Agency.
VA—United States Department of Veteran’s Affairs.
Wastewater—water containing human excreta, food waste, wash water and other wastes
commonly discharged into a water-carried sewage disposal system, and such diluting water as
may have entered the waste disposal system. Wastewater does not mean liquids containing
hazardous wastes as defined by federal, state, or municipal law.
Water storage facilities—includes water storage tank(s), pumps and piping used in the storage of
potable water.
Water storage tank—a watertight covered receptacle designed and built to receive and store
clean and/or potable water.
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Water table—a groundwater surface within an unconfined aquifer where the water pressure is
equal to atmospheric pressure.
Water well (“well”)—an excavation, opening, shaft, or hole constructed for the purpose of water
extraction.
Water well driller (“well driller”; “groundwater professional”)—a contractor, licensed as a
construction contractor per Alaska Statutes, or an employee thereof, who works on the
construction of water wells; may also perform pump installation and service work.
Water zone (“producing zone”)—the zone of the aquifer that yields water to the well, and is an
interval which is usually open to the aquifer (e.g., uncased, screened, perforated, slotted, etc.).
Watertight well seal (“well seal”)—a device that is securely attached to the top of a well casing
or pipe sleeve that prevents the entrance of water even when submerged, such as by flood water.
Well (“water well”)—an excavation, opening, shaft, or hole constructed for the purpose of water
extraction.
Well cable—the electrical cable extending from the submerged well pump that passes through
the well seal and is attached to the surface electrical source.
Well decommissioning log (“Record of Decommissioning”)—a written report or completed form
showing all pertinent information and data on the decommissioning of the well or borehole as
specified herein; see ADNR form for suggested format.
Well depth—the depth of the completed well as measured from the top of casing, unless
specified otherwise.
Well driller (“water well driller”; “groundwater professional”)—a contractor, licensed as a
construction contractor per Alaska Statutes, or an employee thereof, who works on the
construction of water wells; may also perform pump installation and service work.
Well fracturing—a water well stimulation technique used to improve the flow of water into a
low-yield well by injecting potable water under pressure into the well (also called “hydraulic
fracturing”, “hydrofracturing”, “hydrofracking, or “fracking”), or using explosives in a well (also
called “explosive fracturing”, “explofracturing”, “explofracking”, “well shooting”, or “well
blasting”), to open fractures in the surrounding bedrock aquifer.
Well log (“Record of Construction”)—a written report or completed form showing all pertinent
information and data relative to the drilling and completion of the well as specified herein; see
ADNR for suggested format.
Well packer—a device attached to a liner, drop pipe, or well screen riser to prevent flow within
the annular space.
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Well perforation(s) (casing, pipe or liner perforation)—a slot(s) cut into the casing to allow water
to move through the well, or to allow seal material to fill the annular space; before-wellbore-
installation slot cutting methods include gas torch, plasma arc, and machine milling; after-
wellbore-installation slot cutting methods include using a downhole perforation tool and
explosive perforation charges.
Well pit—an excavation, opening, shaft or hole surrounding a well.
Well pump (“pump”)—a mechanical device used to recover water from a well or water
collection system.
Well redevelopment—subsurface well work designed to improve well yield; example procedures
include: surging (air or mechanical surge block), over-pumping (“rawhiding”); back-
flush/rawhide cycling, jetting (air or water), chemical treatments, and well fracking.
Well rehabilitation—subsurface well work designed to repair, improve and/or rejuvenate the
physical features of a well; examples include: perforations, lining, swaging, re-drilling, scraping
and cleanouts, install screens, pull and reinstall screens, install and filter-pack smaller screens
inside existing screens or perforations, chemical treatments and well fracking.
Well screen(s)—a filtering device(s) installed in a well to prevent excess sediment from entering
and allow water to move through the well while keeping out most sand and gravel; most
commonly used types are V-wire wrapped continuous slot, pipebased, and shutter screens.
Well seal—a “watertight well seal” or “sanitary well cap”.
Well yield test (“pump test”)—a test to determine the producing capability of the well,
drawdown and recovery rate/time of the well.
Well yield—the producing rate of a well on a given date as determined by a well test; often
described as a rate in gallons per minute (GPM) with the amount of drawdown (DD) at that rate.
Wellbore (“borehole”)—a hole bored into the ground and intended to be constructed for
extraction of water, for water exploration, for cathodic protection, for geotechnical holes and
wells, or for a ground source heat pump installation.
98
99
100
101
0 1/2 MILE 1 MILE
CITY OF SEWARD
FEASIBILITY CONCEPT STUDY
FOREST ACES SUBDIVISION
WATER AND SEWER
SPECIAL IMPROVEMENTS DISTRICT
FEBRUARY 2023
SHEET INDEX
SHEET NO. SUBJECT
1 COVER SHEET & SHEET INDEX
2 WATER AND SEWER CONCEPT PLAN
VICINITY MAP
SEWARD, ALASKA
PROJECT AREA
PARTICIPATING PROPERTY OWNER BOUNDARY
19
18
17
20
21
CQ1 CQ2
CR
CP1 CP2
CO CH
CG1 CG2
CF1 CF2
CD
BE1 BE2
BC1 BC2 BD1 BD2
AZBA
AX AY
COTTONWOOD STREET
DIECKGRAEFF ROAD
102
103
SCHEDULE A WATER IMPROVEMENTS 1,478,320$
SCHEDULE B SEWER IMPROVEMENTS 1,258,660$
SCHEDULE C ROADWAY IMPROVEMENTS 895,202$
ELECTRIC AND COMMUNICATIONS IMPROVEMENTS 213,180$
3,845,361$
Number of Parcels Served by Improvement District 27 See parcel list
SURVEY, GEOTECHNICAL ACTIVITIES, AND FINAL ENGINEERING DESIGN MUST BE
PERFORMED TO CONFIRM ENGINEER'S ESTIMATES.
Engineer's Estimate
CITY OF SEWARD
R&M CONSULTANTS, INC.
Forest Acres Area - Feasibility Study for Special Improvement District
CONCEPT COST ESTIMATE: WATER, SEWER, ROADWAY IMPROVEMENTS
February 2023
104
SCHEDULE A
ITEM
NO.
SPEC.
NO.WORK DESCRIPTION UNIT
ESTIMATED
QUANTITY
UNIT BID
PRICE
TOTAL BID
PRICE
A- 1 Furnish and Install 8-inch PVC Water Main LF 4,102 185.00$ 758,870.00$
A- 2 Furnish and Install 8-inch Gate Valve EA 14 5,000.00$ 70,000.00$
A- 3 Trench Excavation and Backfill LF 4,102 60.00$ 246,120.00$
A- 4 Pipe Bedding LF 4,102 40.00$ 164,080.00$
A-5 Furnish and Install Fire Hydrant Assembly EA 5 10,000.00$ 50,000.00$
A-6 Connect to Existing Water Main LS 3 5,000.00$ 15,000.00$
A-7 Construction Survey Measurement LS 1 25,000.00$ 25,000.00$
A-8 Furnish and Install 1-inch Residential Water
Service EA 27 5,000.00$ 135,000.00$
A-9 Furnish and Install Anode EA 19 750.00$ 14,250.00$
Subtotal Conceptual Construction Cost 1,478,320$
SCHEDULE A Base Bid: 1,478,320$
Forest Acres Area - Feasibility Study for Special Improvement
District
CITY OF SEWARD
R&M CONSULTANTS, INC.
COST TO CONSTRUCT WATER IMPROVEMENTS
February 2023
105
SCHEDULE B
ITEM
NO.
SPEC.
NO.WORK DESCRIPTION UNIT
ESTIMATED
QUANTITY
UNIT BID
PRICE
TOTAL BID
PRICE
B- 1 Furnish and Install 8-inch PVC Sewer Gravity
Main LF 4,164 150.00$ 624,600.00$
B- 2 Trench Excavation and Backfill LF 4,164 35.00$ 145,740.00$
B- 3 Pipe Bedding LF 4,164 30.00$ 124,920.00$
B- 4 Furnish and Install Sanitary Sewer Manhole EA 7 10,000.00$ 70,000.00$
B- 5 Furnish and Install Residential Sewer Service EA 27 4,000.00$ 108,000.00$
B- 6 Connect to Existing Sanitary Sewer Manhole EA 1 5,000.00$ 5,000.00$
B- 7 Furnish and Install Sewer Lift Station EA 1 75,000.00$ 75,000.00$
B- 8 Furnish and Install 3-inch HDPE Sewer Force
Main LF 1,054 100.00$ 105,400.00$
Subtotal Conceptual Construction Cost 1,258,660$
SCHEDULE B Base Bid : 1,258,660$
CITY OF SEWARD
R&M CONSULTANTS, INC.
Forest Acres Area - Feasibility Study for Special Improvement
District
COST TO CONSTRUCT SEWER IMPROVEMENTS
February 2023
106
SCHEDULE C
ITEM
NO.
SPEC.
NO.WORK DESCRIPTION UNIT
ESTIMATED
QUANTITY
UNIT BID
PRICE
TOTAL BID
PRICE
C- 1 Roadway Construction LF 3,761 238.02$ 895,201.63$
Subtotal Conceptual Construction Cost 895,202$
SCHEDULE C Base Bid : 895,202$
Notes: 1. Basic rural roadway section
assumed. Design criteria and existing site
conditions to be verified in design
CITY OF SEWARD
R&M CONSULTANTS, INC.
Forest Acres Area - Feasibility Study for Special Improvement
District
COST TO CONSTRUCT ROADWAY IMPROVEMENTS
February 2023
107
108
109
Lot Parcel ID Street Address Size of Lot WATER SEWER REMARKS Owner Contact
17
18
19
14531032
14531033
14531034
2505 Afognak Ave
2507 Afognak Ave
2509 Afognak Ave
.82 acre
.82 acre
.82 acre
City City
Dale & Shelia Skinner-Not currently inAK Dales cell: 808-343-0327
daleskinner7@gmail.com
CR 14503504 2505 Pine St 1.03 acre City City N/A Did not assist
CQ1 14503506 103 Cottonwood St .48 acre City City
Jennifer Grischuk - Not currently in AK 617-365-3080
jgrischuk@gmail.com
CQ2 14503507 2511 Pine St .48 acre City City
Trevor Kreznar - Not currently in AK 845-701-1793
tkreznar@gmail.com
CD 14503607 2502 Pine St .49 acre City City
Exit Glacier Guides -Ryan Fisher and Brendan Ryan
Ryans cell 907-491-0552 egglamgmt@gmail.com
CF1 14503609 203 Cottonwood St .48 acre
Exit Glacier Guides -Ryan Fisher and Brendan Ryan
Ryans cell 907-491-0552 egglamgmt@gmail.com
CF2 14503610 207 Cottonwood St .48 acre
Exit Glacier Guides -Ryan Fisher and Brendan Ryan
Ryans cell 907-491-0552 egglamgmt@gmail.com
CP1 CG2 14503107
14503208
102 Cottonwood St
206 Cottonwood St
.48 acre
.48 acre City City
Julia Savage Not currently in AK 401-524-2127
juliamsavage@gmail.com
CP2 CG1 14503108
14503207
106 Cottonwood St
202 Cottonwood St .48 acre
.48 acre City City
Mike Graves - Currently in AZ 907-841-1977
cubdriver2001@yahoo.com
CO 14503103
2605 Afognak Ave 1.03 acre City (See
remarks)City Residential grinder sewage pump station
required to connect to city sewer main
Mike Graves - Currently in AZ 907-841-1977
cubdriver2001@yahoo.com
CH 14503205 2605 Oak St 1.03 acre
City (See
remarks)City Residential grinder sewage pump station
required to connect to city sewer main
Mike Graves - Currently in AZ 907-841-1977
cubdriver2001@yahoo.com
AX 14503308 2610 Oak St 1.01 acre City City
Isaac Sleadd and Aleah Greene Isaac: imsleadd@gmail.com Aleah:
aleahgreene@gmail.com
Currently in Antarctica, can call out and
email
BA 14503307 2608 Oak St 1.01 acre City City
Molly Ledford - Back to Seward in Spring 864-350-3514
mollyledford4@gmail.com
AZ 14503312 2607 Maple St 1.01 acre
City (See
remarks)City easement across parcel "BA" required to
connect to city sewer
Anneliese Kupfrian 714-356-5562
on.uh.lease@gmail.com
BC1 14503314 302 Cottonwood St .47 acre City City Not Sold
BC2 14503315 306 Cottonwood St .47 acre City City
Eliza Woodworth and Jaz Odhner Elizas cell 978-420-7362
ewoodwor@alumni.risd.edu
Jaz: odhnerjaz@yahoo.com
BD1 14503316 310 Cottonwood St .47 acre City City Not Sold
BD2 14503317 312 Cottonwood St .47 acre City City Not Sold
BE1 14503709 303 Cottonwood St .47 acre City City
James Carlberg Not currently in AK 612-910-4316
james.pt.carlberg@gmail.com
BE2 14503710 307 Cottonwood St .47 acre City City
Kathy Repko - Currently in Utah 801-450-1894
colkrepko@gmail.com
AY 14503311 2611 MAPLE ST 1.01 City City
Quitber Kevin, 610 Saratoga Dr.
Green River, WY 82935
20 14531035 2601 Afognak Ave 0.82 City City
Moebus Craig A, 4 Wall ST
Fredericksburg, VA 22405
21 14531036 2607 Afognak Ave 1.41 City City Afognak Construction & Excavating Inc. PO Box 610 Seward, AK 99664
Total Participating Parcels = 27
FEASIBILITY STUDY
FOREST ACRES SPECIAL IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT WATER & SEWER SERVICE FEASIBILITY STUDY
R&M CONSULTANTS, INC.
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND COST ESTIMATES
110
Lot ID Parcel ID Street Address
Per Parcel Cost
(Method 1)
Per Parcel Cost
(Method 2)
Per Parcel Cost
(Method 3)
Per Parcel Cost
(Method 4)
17 14531032 2505 Afognak Ave $110,091.58 $170,831.72 $268,322.03 $145,073.23
18 14531033 2507 Afognak Ave $110,091.58 $170,831.72 $268,322.03 $145,073.23
19 14531034 2509 Afognak Ave $110,091.58 $170,831.72 $268,322.03 $145,073.23
20 14531035 2601 Afognak Ave $113,298.13 $170,831.72 $268,322.03 $145,073.23
21 14531036 2607 Afognak Ave $110,091.58 $293,747.22 $351,316.54 $145,073.23
CR 14503504 2505 Pine St $159,258.69 $214,581.30 $128,923.50 $145,073.23
CQ1 14503506 103 Cottonwood St $153,914.44 $99,999.05 $87,829.13 $145,073.23
CQ2 14503507 2511 Pine St $153,914.44 $99,999.05 $87,829.13 $145,073.23
CD 14503607 2502 Pine St $160,327.54 $102,082.37 $88,634.91 $145,073.23
CF1 14503609 203 Cottonwood St $154,983.29 $99,999.05 $87,829.13 $145,073.23
CF2 14503610 207 Cottonwood St $154,983.29 $99,999.05 $87,829.13 $145,073.23
CP1 14503107 102 Cottonwood St $153,914.44 $99,999.05 $87,829.13 $145,073.23
CG2 14503208 206 Cottonwood St $153,914.44 $99,999.05 $87,829.13 $145,073.23
CP2 14503108 106 Cottonwood St $153,914.44 $99,999.05 $87,829.13 $145,073.23
CG1 14503207 202 Cottonwood St $153,914.44 $99,999.05 $87,829.13 $145,073.23
CO 14503103 2605 Afognak Ave $159,258.69 $214,581.30 $128,923.50 $145,073.23
CH 14503205 2605 Oak St $161,396.39 $214,581.30 $128,923.50 $145,073.23
AX 14503308 2610 Oak St $207,356.95 $210,414.68 $127,311.96 $145,073.23
AY 14503311 2611 MAPLE ST $154,809.56 $157,072.28 $189,465.27 $109,265.17
AZ 14503312 2607 Maple St $158,001.51 $157,072.28 $189,465.27 $109,265.17
BA 14503307 2608 Oak St $210,563.50 $210,414.68 $127,311.96 $145,073.23
BC1 14503314 302 Cottonwood St $114,366.98 $97,915.74 $87,023.36 $145,073.23
BC2 14503315 306 Cottonwood St $114,366.98 $97,915.74 $87,023.36 $145,073.23
BD1 14503316 310 Cottonwood St $114,366.98 $97,915.74 $87,023.36 $145,073.23
BD2 14503317 312 Cottonwood St $114,366.98 $97,915.74 $174,046.73 $145,073.23
BE1 14503709 303 Cottonwood St $117,573.53 $97,915.74 $87,023.36 $145,073.23
BE2 14503710 307 Cottonwood St $112,229.28 $97,915.74 $87,023.36 $145,073.23
Notes:
Apportionment Method 1 - Front Feet - Linear Feet of Property Line fronting a right-of-way containing water & sewer Mains
Apportionment Method 2 - Square Feet - Property Size
Apportionment Method 3 - Assessed Tax Value (Current KPB online resource - https://gis.kpb.us/map
Apportionment Method 4 - Equal Split (Average Cost)
*Parcel AY and AZ excluded from roadway construction costs
FOREST ACRES SPECIAL IMPROVEMENTS DISTRICT - WATER & SEWER FEASIBILITY STUDY
CONCEPTUAL COST ESTIMATE SUMMARY
111
$ 1,478,320.00
$ 1,258,660.00
$ 895,201.63
$ 213,179.51
$ 3,845,361.14
Lot ID Parcel ID Street Address
Lot Front
Feet (LF)
Fronted
Property Line
(LF) % of Total
Project
Water Service Sewer Service
Roadway
Service
Water
Improvements
Cost (Weighted)
Sewer
Improvements
Cost (Weighted)
Electrical
Improvements
Cost (Weighted)
Roadway
Improvements Cost
(Weighted)
Total Cost Per
Parcel
17 14531032 2505 Afognak Ave 103 2.79% X X X $41,186.63 $35,066.81 $5,939.27 $27,898.87 $110,091.58
18 14531033 2507 Afognak Ave 103 2.79% X X X $41,186.63 $35,066.81 $5,939.27 $27,898.87 $110,091.58
19 14531034 2509 Afognak Ave 103 2.79% X X X $41,186.63 $35,066.81 $5,939.27 $27,898.87 $110,091.58
20 14531035 2601 Afognak Ave 106 2.87% X X X $42,386.24 $36,088.17 $6,112.26 $28,711.46 $113,298.13
21 14531036 2607 Afognak Ave 103 2.79% X X X $41,186.63 $35,066.81 $5,939.27 $27,898.87 $110,091.58
CR 14503504 2505 Pine St 149 4.03% X X X $59,580.65 $50,727.71 $8,591.76 $40,358.56 $159,258.69
CQ1 14503506 103 Cottonwood St 144 3.90% X X X $57,581.30 $49,025.44 $8,303.45 $39,004.25 $153,914.44
CQ2 14503507 2511 Pine St 144 3.90% X X X $57,581.30 $49,025.44 $8,303.45 $39,004.25 $153,914.44
CD 14503607 2502 Pine St 150 4.06% X X X $59,980.52 $51,068.16 $8,649.43 $40,629.42 $160,327.54
CF1 14503609 203 Cottonwood St 145 3.92% X X X $57,981.17 $49,365.89 $8,361.11 $39,275.11 $154,983.29
CF2 14503610 207 Cottonwood St 145 3.92% X X X $57,981.17 $49,365.89 $8,361.11 $39,275.11 $154,983.29
CP1 14503107 102 Cottonwood St 144 3.90% X X X $57,581.30 $49,025.44 $8,303.45 $39,004.25 $153,914.44
CG2 14503208 206 Cottonwood St 144 3.90% X X X $57,581.30 $49,025.44 $8,303.45 $39,004.25 $153,914.44
CP2 14503108 106 Cottonwood St 144 3.90% X X X $57,581.30 $49,025.44 $8,303.45 $39,004.25 $153,914.44
CG1 14503207 202 Cottonwood St 144 3.90% X X X $57,581.30 $49,025.44 $8,303.45 $39,004.25 $153,914.44
CO 14503103 2605 Afognak Ave 149 4.03% X X X $59,580.65 $50,727.71 $8,591.76 $40,358.56 $159,258.69
CH 14503205 2605 Oak St 151 4.08% X X X $60,380.39 $51,408.62 $8,707.09 $40,900.29 $161,396.39
AX 14503308 2610 Oak St 194 5.25% X X X $77,574.81 $66,048.16 $11,186.59 $52,547.39 $207,356.95
AY 14503311 2611 MAPLE ST 194 5.25% X X $77,574.81 $66,048.16 $11,186.59 $0.00 $154,809.56
AZ 14503312 2607 Maple St 198 5.36% X X $79,174.29 $67,409.98 $11,417.24 $0.00 $158,001.51
BA 14503307 2608 Oak St 197 5.33% X X X $78,774.42 $67,069.52 $11,359.58 $53,359.98 $210,563.50
BC1 14503314 302 Cottonwood St 107 2.89% X X X $42,786.11 $36,428.62 $6,169.92 $28,982.32 $114,366.98
BC2 14503315 306 Cottonwood St 107 2.89% X X X $42,786.11 $36,428.62 $6,169.92 $28,982.32 $114,366.98
BD1 14503316 310 Cottonwood St 107 2.89% X X X $42,786.11 $36,428.62 $6,169.92 $28,982.32 $114,366.98
BD2 14503317 312 Cottonwood St 107 2.89% X X X $42,786.11 $36,428.62 $6,169.92 $28,982.32 $114,366.98
BE1 14503709 303 Cottonwood St 110 2.98% X X X $43,985.72 $37,449.99 $6,342.91 $29,794.91 $117,573.53
BE2 14503710 307 Cottonwood St 105 2.84% X X X $41,986.37 $35,747.71 $6,054.60 $28,440.60 $112,229.28
Total Cost of Electrical Improvements
Total Cost of Improvements
FOREST ACRES SPECIAL IMPROVEMENTS DISTRICT - WATER & SEWER FEASIBILITY STUDY
COST APPORTIONMENT METHOD 1
CONCEPTUAL COST ESTIMATE
Total Cost of Water Improvements
Total Cost of Sewer Improvements
Total Cost of Roadway Improvements
112
$ 1,478,320.00
$ 1,258,660.00
$ 895,201.63
$ 213,179.51
$ 3,845,361.14
Lot ID Parcel ID Street Address
Lot Size
(Acres)
Lot Size % of
Total Project Water Service Sewer Service
Roadway
Service
Water
Improvements
Cost (Weighted)
Sewer
Improvements
Cost (Weighted)
Electrical
Improvements
Cost (Weighted)
Roadway
Improvements Cost
(Weighted)
Total Cost Per
Parcel
17 14531032 2505 Afognak Ave 0.82 4.32% X X X $63,902.08 $54,407.02 $9,214.93 $43,307.69 $170,831.72
18 14531033 2507 Afognak Ave 0.82 4.32% X X X $63,902.08 $54,407.02 $9,214.93 $43,307.69 $170,831.72
19 14531034 2509 Afognak Ave 0.82 4.32% X X X $63,902.08 $54,407.02 $9,214.93 $43,307.69 $170,831.72
20 14531035 2601 Afognak Ave 0.82 4.32% X X X $63,902.08 $54,407.02 $9,214.93 $43,307.69 $170,831.72
21 14531036 2607 Afognak Ave 1.41 7.43% X X X $109,880.40 $93,553.54 $15,845.18 $74,468.10 $293,747.22
CR 14503504 2505 Pine St 1.03 5.43% X X X $80,267.24 $68,340.53 $11,574.85 $54,398.68 $214,581.30
CQ1 14503506 103 Cottonwood St 0.48 2.53% X X X $37,406.09 $31,848.01 $5,394.10 $25,350.84 $99,999.05
CQ2 14503507 2511 Pine St 0.48 2.53% X X X $37,406.09 $31,848.01 $5,394.10 $25,350.84 $99,999.05
CD 14503607 2502 Pine St 0.49 2.58% X X X $38,185.39 $32,511.51 $5,506.48 $25,878.99 $102,082.37
CF1 14503609 203 Cottonwood St 0.48 2.53% X X X $37,406.09 $31,848.01 $5,394.10 $25,350.84 $99,999.05
CF2 14503610 207 Cottonwood St 0.48 2.53% X X X $37,406.09 $31,848.01 $5,394.10 $25,350.84 $99,999.05
CP1 14503107 102 Cottonwood St 0.48 2.53% X X X $37,406.09 $31,848.01 $5,394.10 $25,350.84 $99,999.05
CG2 14503208 206 Cottonwood St 0.48 2.53% X X X $37,406.09 $31,848.01 $5,394.10 $25,350.84 $99,999.05
CP2 14503108 106 Cottonwood St 0.48 2.53% X X X $37,406.09 $31,848.01 $5,394.10 $25,350.84 $99,999.05
CG1 14503207 202 Cottonwood St 0.48 2.53% X X X $37,406.09 $31,848.01 $5,394.10 $25,350.84 $99,999.05
CO 14503103 2605 Afognak Ave 1.03 5.43% X X X $80,267.24 $68,340.53 $11,574.85 $54,398.68 $214,581.30
CH 14503205 2605 Oak St 1.03 5.43% X X X $80,267.24 $68,340.53 $11,574.85 $54,398.68 $214,581.30
AX 14503308 2610 Oak St 1.01 5.32% X X X $78,708.66 $67,013.53 $11,350.10 $53,342.40 $210,414.68
AY 14503311 2611 MAPLE ST 1.01 5.32% X X $78,708.66 $67,013.53 $11,350.10 $0.00 $157,072.28
AZ 14503312 2607 Maple St 1.01 5.32% X X $78,708.66 $67,013.53 $11,350.10 $0.00 $157,072.28
BA 14503307 2608 Oak St 1.01 5.32% X X X $78,708.66 $67,013.53 $11,350.10 $53,342.40 $210,414.68
BC1 14503314 302 Cottonwood St 0.47 2.48% X X X $36,626.80 $31,184.51 $5,281.73 $24,822.70 $97,915.74
BC2 14503315 306 Cottonwood St 0.47 2.48% X X X $36,626.80 $31,184.51 $5,281.73 $24,822.70 $97,915.74
BD1 14503316 310 Cottonwood St 0.47 2.48% X X X $36,626.80 $31,184.51 $5,281.73 $24,822.70 $97,915.74
BD2 14503317 312 Cottonwood St 0.47 2.48% X X X $36,626.80 $31,184.51 $5,281.73 $24,822.70 $97,915.74
BE1 14503709 303 Cottonwood St 0.47 2.48% X X X $36,626.80 $31,184.51 $5,281.73 $24,822.70 $97,915.74
BE2 14503710 307 Cottonwood St 0.47 2.48% X X X $36,626.80 $31,184.51 $5,281.73 $24,822.70 $97,915.74
Total Cost of Improvements
Total Cost of Electrical Improvements
Total Cost of Roadway Improvements
FOREST ACRES SPECIAL IMPROVEMENTS DISTRICT - WATER & SEWER FEASIBILITY STUDY
COST APPORTIONMENT METHOD 2
CONCEPTUAL COST ESTIMATE
Total Cost of Water Improvements
Total Cost of Sewer Improvements
113
$ 1,478,320.00
$ 1,258,660.00
$ 895,201.63
$ 213,179.51
$ 3,845,361.14
Lot ID Parcel ID Street Address Lot Value Tax Value % Water Service Sewer Service
Roadway
Service
Water
Improvements
Cost (Weighted)
Sewer
Improvements
Cost (Weighted)
Electrical
Improvements
Cost (Weighted)
Roadway
Improvements Cost
(Weighted)
Total Cost Per
Parcel
17 14531032 2505 Afognak Ave $33,300.00 6.75% X X X $99,732.69 $84,913.65 $14,381.84 $69,293.85 $268,322.03
18 14531033 2507 Afognak Ave $33,300.00 6.75% X X X $99,732.69 $84,913.65 $14,381.84 $69,293.85 $268,322.03
19 14531034 2509 Afognak Ave $33,300.00 6.75% X X X $99,732.69 $84,913.65 $14,381.84 $69,293.85 $268,322.03
20 14531035 2601 Afognak Ave $33,300.00 6.75% X X X $99,732.69 $84,913.65 $14,381.84 $69,293.85 $268,322.03
21 14531036 2607 Afognak Ave $43,600.00 8.83% X X X $130,580.94 $111,178.23 $18,830.28 $90,727.08 $351,316.54
CR 14503504 2505 Pine St $16,000.00 3.24% X X X $47,919.61 $40,799.35 $6,910.19 $33,294.34 $128,923.50
CQ1 14503506 103 Cottonwood St $10,900.00 2.21% X X X $32,645.24 $27,794.56 $4,707.57 $22,681.77 $87,829.13
CQ2 14503507 2511 Pine St $10,900.00 2.21% X X X $32,645.24 $27,794.56 $4,707.57 $22,681.77 $87,829.13
CD 14503607 2502 Pine St $11,000.00 2.23% X X X $32,944.73 $28,049.55 $4,750.76 $22,889.86 $88,634.91
CF1 14503609 203 Cottonwood St $10,900.00 2.21% X X X $32,645.24 $27,794.56 $4,707.57 $22,681.77 $87,829.13
CF2 14503610 207 Cottonwood St $10,900.00 2.21% X X X $32,645.24 $27,794.56 $4,707.57 $22,681.77 $87,829.13
CP1 14503107 102 Cottonwood St $10,900.00 2.21% X X X $32,645.24 $27,794.56 $4,707.57 $22,681.77 $87,829.13
CG2 14503208 206 Cottonwood St $10,900.00 2.21% X X X $32,645.24 $27,794.56 $4,707.57 $22,681.77 $87,829.13
CP2 14503108 106 Cottonwood St $10,900.00 2.21% X X X $32,645.24 $27,794.56 $4,707.57 $22,681.77 $87,829.13
CG1 14503207 202 Cottonwood St $10,900.00 2.21% X X X $32,645.24 $27,794.56 $4,707.57 $22,681.77 $87,829.13
CO 14503103 2605 Afognak Ave $16,000.00 3.24% X X X $47,919.61 $40,799.35 $6,910.19 $33,294.34 $128,923.50
CH 14503205 2605 Oak St $16,000.00 3.24% X X X $47,919.61 $40,799.35 $6,910.19 $33,294.34 $128,923.50
AX 14503308 2610 Oak St $15,800.00 3.20% X X X $47,320.62 $40,289.36 $6,823.82 $32,878.16 $127,311.96
AY 14503311 2611 MAPLE ST $31,700.00 6.42% X X $94,940.73 $80,833.72 $13,690.82 $0.00 $189,465.27
AZ 14503312 2607 Maple St $31,700.00 6.42% X X $94,940.73 $80,833.72 $13,690.82 $0.00 $189,465.27
BA 14503307 2608 Oak St $15,800.00 3.20% X X X $47,320.62 $40,289.36 $6,823.82 $32,878.16 $127,311.96
BC1 14503314 302 Cottonwood St $10,800.00 2.19% X X X $32,345.74 $27,539.56 $4,664.38 $22,473.68 $87,023.36
BC2 14503315 306 Cottonwood St $10,800.00 2.19% X X X $32,345.74 $27,539.56 $4,664.38 $22,473.68 $87,023.36
BD1 14503316 310 Cottonwood St $10,800.00 2.19% X X X $32,345.74 $27,539.56 $4,664.38 $22,473.68 $87,023.36
BD2 14503317 312 Cottonwood St $21,600.00 4.38% X X X $64,691.47 $55,079.12 $9,328.76 $44,947.36 $174,046.73
BE1 14503709 303 Cottonwood St $10,800.00 2.19% X X X $32,345.74 $27,539.56 $4,664.38 $22,473.68 $87,023.36
BE2 14503710 307 Cottonwood St $10,800.00 2.19% X X X $32,345.74 $27,539.56 $4,664.38 $22,473.68 $87,023.36
Total Cost of Electrical Improvements
Total Cost of Improvements
FOREST ACRES SPECIAL IMPROVEMENTS DISTRICT - WATER & SEWER FEASIBILITY STUDY
COST APPORTIONMENT METHOD 3
CONCEPTUAL COST ESTIMATE
Total Cost of Water Improvements
Total Cost of Sewer Improvements
Total Cost of Roadway Improvements
114
$ 1,478,320.00
$ 1,258,660.00
$ 895,201.63
$ 213,179.51
$ 3,845,361.14
Lot ID Parcel ID Street Address Water Service Sewer Service
Roadway
Service
Water
Improvements
Cost (Weighted)
Sewer
Improvements
Cost (Weighted)
Electrical
Improvements
Cost (Weighted)
Roadway
Improvements Cost
(Weighted)
Total Cost Per
Parcel
17 14531032 2505 Afognak Ave X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
18 14531033 2507 Afognak Ave X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
19 14531034 2509 Afognak Ave X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
20 14531035 2601 Afognak Ave X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
21 14531036 2607 Afognak Ave X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
CR 14503504 2505 Pine St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
CQ1 14503506 103 Cottonwood St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
CQ2 14503507 2511 Pine St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
CD 14503607 2502 Pine St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
CF1 14503609 203 Cottonwood St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
CF2 14503610 207 Cottonwood St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
CP1 14503107 102 Cottonwood St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
CG2 14503208 206 Cottonwood St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
CP2 14503108 106 Cottonwood St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
CG1 14503207 202 Cottonwood St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
CO 14503103 2605 Afognak Ave X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
CH 14503205 2605 Oak St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
AX 14503308 2610 Oak St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
AY 14503311 2611 Maple St X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $0.00 $109,265.17
AZ 14503312 2607 Maple St X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $0.00 $109,265.17
BA 14503307 2608 Oak St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
BC1 14503314 302 Cottonwood St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
BC2 14503315 306 Cottonwood St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
BD1 14503316 310 Cottonwood St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
BD2 14503317 312 Cottonwood St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
BE1 14503709 303 Cottonwood St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
BE2 14503710 307 Cottonwood St X X X $54,752.59 $46,617.04 $7,895.54 $35,808.07 $145,073.23
Total Cost of Electrical Improvements
Total Cost of Improvements
FOREST ACRES SPECIAL IMPROVEMENTS DISTRICT - WATER & SEWER FEASIBILITY STUDY
COST APPORTIONMENT METHOD 4
CONCEPTUAL COST ESTIMATE
Total Cost of Water Improvements
Total Cost of Sewer Improvements
Total Cost of Roadway Improvements
115